Method for culturing stem cell

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a method of obtaining aggregates containing a rostral hypothalamus tissue and a rostral head ectodermal tissue, a hypophysis precursor tissue and a hypophysis hormone producing cell, by using a serum-free medium (preferably substantially free of growth factor and insulins), forming homogeneous aggregates of stem cells from pluripotent stem cells such as ES cell and the like, which are plated at a high cell concentration, and subjecting the formed aggregates to floating-culture.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application is a continuation of copending U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/354,864, filed on Apr. 28, 2014, which is theU.S. national phase of International Patent Application No.PCT/JP2012/078250, filed Oct. 31, 2012, which claims the benefit ofJapanese Patent Application No. 2011-239803, filed on Oct. 31, 2011,which are incorporated by reference in their entireties herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a method of inducing differentiation ofstem cells into an embryoid body comprising a central nervous tissue anda non-neural head ectoderm tissue in vitro and the like. Moreover, thepresent invention particularly relates to a method of inducingdifferentiation into a hypophysis precursor tissue and varioushypophysis hormone-producing cells as a central nervous tissue in vitroand the like.

BACKGROUND ART

To date, some culturing methods for inducing nerve differentiation ofpluripotent stem cells such as ES cells have been known (non-patentdocuments 1-4, patent documents 1-3).

The present inventors previously showed that dispersed floating-culturein a serum-free medium (the SFEB method) is effective as a method ofinducing nerve differentiation of pluripotent stem cells such as animalor human ES cells into nerves (non-patent documents 3 and 4 and patentdocument 1). Thereafter, the present inventors found a method ofefficiently inducing differentiation of pluripotent stem cells such asES cells and the like into cerebral cortex tissue, hypothalamus neurons,progenitor cells thereof and the like by forming homogeneous aggregatesof stem cells in a serum-free medium, and subjecting the aggregates tofloating-culture (the SFEBq method) (non-patent document 5 and patentdocument 3).

In vertebrata, pituitary gland and sensory organs (olfactory epithelium,crystalline lens, inner ear and the like) are known to develop from aplacode formed in a non-neural head ectoderm tissue facing a neuralplate, via induction of placode, invagination of placode, celldifferentiation, and morphogenesis.

Of these, pituitary gland is an endocrine organ that produces andsecretes many hormones. Pituitary gland is largely divided intoadenohypophysis and neurohypophysis (also called posterior pituitary),and adenohypophysis is further divided into anterior pituitary andintermediate pituitary (intermedia). Adenohypophysis comprises pluralkinds of cells that produce and secrete pituitary hormones.

The adenohypophysis is derived from Rathke's pouch generated byinvagination of primary oral cavity. In mammalian initial development,anterior pituitary primordium is formed as a placode in a non-neuralhead ectoderm (rostral non-neural head ectoderm) adjacent to the rostralof the anterior neural plate boundary, and the placode invaginates toform Rathke's pouch. The Rathke's pouch thereafter separates fromectoderm to become an epithelial pouch vesicle. Then, the anterior wallof the pouch vesicles becomes anterior pituitary and the posterior wallbecomes intermediate pituitary.

On the other hand, the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) is formedfrom a protrusion in the bottom part of the third ventricle. Axonextends from the neurosecretory neuron cells in the supraoptic nucleiand paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus to the posteriorpituitary, and hormones (oxytocin and vasopressin) are axonallytransported.

The studies heretofore have revealed that interactions of rostralhypothalamus and rostral non-neural head ectoderm are necessary for theinduction of Rathke's pouch in the developmental stages (non-patentdocument 6).

As mentioned above, the late developmental processes of pituitary glandhave been widely studied; however, specialization of pituitaryprimordium in the initial stages of ectoderm has not been elucidated asyet. Although methods for inducing differentiation into nerve cells suchas cerebrum, hypothalamus and the like have been found to date(mentioned above), a method of developing a pituitary precursor tissueand various pituitary hormone-producing cells from pluripotent stemcells such as ES cells and the like in vitro (in vitro) is not knownyet.

In addition, while treatment of diabetes using stem cells has also beenconsidered before, the possibility of regenerative medicine taking noteof functional disorders of hypothalamus-pituitary gland has hardlyattracted attention to date.

DOCUMENT LIST Patent Documents

-   patent document 1: WO2005/123902-   patent document 2: JP-A-2008-99662-   patent document 3: WO2009/148170

Non-Patent Documents

-   non-patent document 1: Watanabe, K. et al., Nature Biotechnology 25,    681-686 (2007)-   non-patent document 2: Su, H.-L. et al., Developmental Biology 290,    287-296 (2006)-   non-patent document 3: Ikeda, H. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA    102, 11331-11336 (2005)-   non-patent document 4: Watanabe, K. et al., Nature Neurosci. 8,    288-296 (2005)-   non-patent document 5: Wataya, T. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA    105, 11796-11801 (2008)-   non-patent document 6: Bharti, K. et al., Development 138, 873-878    (2011)

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Problems to be Solved by the Invention

The present invention aims to provide a method of inducingdifferentiation of a stem cell into an embryoid body (hereinafter to bealso referred to as “aggregate”) comprising a central nervous tissue anda non-neural head ectodermal tissue in vitro. In addition, the presentinvention particularly aims to provide a method of efficiently inducingdifferentiation into a pituitary precursor tissue and various pituitaryhormone-producing cells as a central nervous tissue in vitro.

Means of Solving the Problems

The present inventors have conducted intensive studies in an attempt tosolve the aforementioned problems and succeeded in reproducing thedevelopment of anterior pituitary in vitro and succeeded in inducingdifferentiation of pluripotent stem cells such as ES cells and the likeinto a pituitary precursor tissue and various pituitaryhormone-producing cells. To be specific, they have further studied theconditions by using the SFEBq method disclosed in patent document 3 andnon-patent document 5, and found for the first time the conditionscapable of simultaneously inducing differentiation into both a centralnervous tissue and a non-neural head ectodermal tissue, particularly arostral hypothalamus tissue and a rostral non-neural head ectodermaltissue which is a sheet-like continuous epithelium, in one aggregate.Furthermore, they have induced a pituitary precursor tissue (Rathke'spouch-like tissue) from this aggregates, and succeeded in inducingvarious pituitary hormone-producing cells from this tissue. Based onsuch findings, the present inventors have completed the followinginvention.

[1] A method of producing an aggregate comprising both a hypothalamustissue and a non-neural head ectoderm, comprising a step of forming anaggregate of stem cells in a serum-free medium, and a step offloating-culturing the formed aggregate in a serum-free medium.[2] The production method of [1], wherein the serum-free medium used forthe floating-culturing comprises an Shh signal promoter.[3] The production method of [2], wherein the Shh signal promoter isSAG.[4] The production method of any of [1] to [3], wherein the serum-freemedium used for the floating-culturing comprises a BMP signal promoter.[5] The production method of [4], wherein the BMP signal promoter isBMP2 and/or BMP4.[6] The production method of any of [1] to [5], wherein the hypothalamustissue and non-neural head ectoderm are a rostral hypothalamus tissueand a rostral non-neural head ectodermal tissue which is a sheet-likecontinuous epithelium.[7] The production method of [6], wherein the rostral hypothalamustissue is Rx-positive.[8] The production method of [6], wherein the rostral non-neural headectodermal tissue which is a sheet-like continuous epithelium isPitx1-positive.[9] The method of [1], wherein the serum-free medium does notsubstantially comprise a Nodal signal promoter, a Wnt signal promoter,an FGF signal promoter, a BMP signal promoter, retinoic acid andinsulin.[10] The production method of any of [1] to [9], wherein the stem cellsare derived from human.[11] The production method of any of [1] to [10], wherein the aggregatecomprising both a hypothalamus tissue and a non-neural head ectodermfurther comprises Lim3-positive cells.[12] The production method of [11], wherein the Lim3-positive cells forman epithelial pouch vesicle in the aggregate.[13] The production method of [1], wherein an expression of anendogenous growth factor in the aggregate of stem cells is increased bythe floating-culturing.[14] The production method of [13], wherein the endogenous growth factoris BMP2 and/or BMP4.[15] The production method of [14], wherein expression of the BMP2and/or BMP4 increases not less than 2-fold at an mRNA level as comparedto a case wherein a aggregate of stem cells is formed at a low cellconcentration.[16] A method of producing an adrenocorticotropic hormone-producingcell, comprising a step of further floating-culturing the aggregatecomprising both a hypothalamus tissue and a non-neural head ectodermproduced by the production method of any of [1] to [15], in a serum-freemedium comprising a Notch signal inhibitor.[17] The production method of [16], wherein the Notch signal inhibitoris DAPT.[18] A method of improving deficiency of adrenocorticotropic hormonesecretion in a subject, comprising transplanting adrenocorticotropichormone-producing cells produced by the method of [16] or [17] to thesubject.[19] A method of producing a growth hormone-producing cell, comprising astep of further floating-culturing the aggregate comprising both ahypothalamus tissue and a non-neural head ectoderm produced by theproduction method of any of [1] to [15], in a serum-free mediumcomprising glucocorticoid.[20] The production method of [19], wherein the serum-free mediumfurther comprises insulin.[21] The production method of [19] or [20], comprising a step offloating-culturing the aggregate comprising both a hypothalamus tissueand a non-neural head ectoderm in a serum-free medium comprising a GSK3βinhibitor before or simultaneously with the step of floating-culturingin a serum-free medium comprising glucocorticoid.[22] The production method of [21], wherein the GSK3β inhibitor is BIO.[23] A method of improving deficiency of growth hormone secretion in asubject, comprising transplanting growth hormone-producing cellsproduced by the production method of any of [19] to [22] to the subject.[24] A method of producing prolactin-producing cell, comprising a stepof further floating-culturing the aggregate comprising both ahypothalamus tissue and a non-neural head ectoderm produced by theproduction method of any of [1] to [15] in a serum-free mediumcomprising an estrogen.[25] The production method of [24], wherein the serum-free mediumfurther comprises insulin.[26] The production method of [24] or [25], comprising a step offloating-culturing the aggregate comprising both a hypothalamus tissueand a non-neural head ectoderm in a serum-free medium comprising a GSK3βinhibitor before or simultaneously with the step of floating-culturingin a serum-free medium comprising an estrogen.[27] The production method of [26], wherein the GSK3β inhibitor is BIO.[28] A method of improving deficiency of prolactin secretion in asubject, comprising transplanting prolactin-producing cells produced bythe production method of any of [24] to [27] to the subject.[29] A method of producing a follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizinghormone and/or thyroid-stimulating hormone-producing cell, comprising astep of further floating-culturing the aggregate comprising both ahypothalamus tissue and a non-neural head ectoderm produced by theproduction method of any of [1] to [15], in a stromal cell-conditionedmedium obtained by cultivating stromal cells in a serum-free medium.[30] The production method of [29], wherein the stroma cell is PA6 cell.[31] A method of improving deficiency of secretion offollicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone or thyroid-stimulatinghormone in a subject, comprising transplanting follicle-stimulatinghormone-, luteinizing hormone- or thyroid-stimulating hormone-producingcells produced by the method of [29] or [30] to the subject.[32] A method of producing an aggregate comprising both a centralnervous tissue and a non-neural head ectodermal tissue, comprising astep of forming an aggregate of stem cells in a serum-free medium, and astep of floating-culturing the formed aggregate in a serum-free medium.[33] A method of producing a placode that forms olfactory epithelium,crystalline lens or inner ear, which comprises self-forming the placodein the aggregate of [32].

Effect of the Invention

According to the method of the present invention, pluripotent stem cellssuch as ES cells and the like can be induced to differentiate into anaggregates comprising a central nervous tissue and a non-neural headectodermal tissue, specifically an aggregates comprising a rostralhypothalamus tissue and a rostral head ectodermal tissue which is asheet-like continuous epithelium, or a pituitary precursor tissue invitro, and can be further induced to differentiate into variouspituitary hormone-producing cells. The pituitary gland is a centralendocrine organ that produces and secretes various hormones, andabnormal hormone secretion exerts a grave influence on the live body.Therefore, the aggregates, pituitary precursor tissues and pituitaryhormone-producing cells obtained by the method of the present inventioncan be utilized for the treatment and the like of the diseases caused bythe deficiency of secretion of pituitary hormones and the diseasescausing deficiency of a pituitary hormone secretion.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1a shows schematic (sagittal view) of in vivo pituitarydevelopment. FIG. 1b shows gene expression in Rathke's pouch and Rxexpression in the adjacent ventral hypothalamic tissue in vivo on E13(hypothalamus marker Rx: green; non-neural head ectoderm marker Pitx1:read). FIG. 1c shows expression level of Pitx2 in SFEBq/CDM-culturedESCs (3000 cells/aggregate). Little expression of Pitx2 was observed.FIG. 1d shows elevation of Pitx2 expression in SFEBq/CDM-cultured ESCsunder the large cell-aggregation (LCA; starting with 10000 cells)condition (red) or treated with BMP4 (blue). FIGS. 1e and 1f showsexpression of Pitx1 (red), and Rx (green, f) in aggregates obtained byplating mouse ES cells at high concentration (LCA condition) andculturing by SFEBq/gfCDM method. FIG. 1g shows schematic of the FIG. ifresult. FIG. 1h shows that Rx⁺ tissue is Chx10⁻/Nestin⁺. FIG. 1i shows agraph indicating an influence of a timing of addition of Shh signalaccelerator SAG on lim3 expression level. FIG. 1j shows FACS analysisshowing a lim3::venus⁺ population in LCA aggregates with SAG treatment(green). FIG. 1k shows comparison of lim3 expression in LCA aggregateswith (right) or without (left) SAG treatment. Scale bars, 100 μm(b,e,f); 50 μm (h); 500 μm (k).

FIG. 2a shows clusters of lim3-positive cells in day-13 SAG-treated LCAaggregates. FIG. 2b shows Lim3 positive cells in aggregates do notexpress a nerve cell marker Tuj1 (Lim3 (green), Tuj1 (red), Pitx1(white)). FIG. 2c shows little expression of mesoderm marker Brachyuryin aggregates. FIG. 2d-f shows aspects of formation of Rathke'spouch-like vesicles by lim3 positive cells in the aggregates (days8-12). FIG. 2 g-j shows expression of marker genes in SAG-treated pouchvesicles and surrounding tissues (Pitx1 (red, g-i), lim3 (green, g;white, h; red, j), pancytokeratin (green, h), Rx (green, i, j)). FIG. 2kshows a schematic figure showing marker gene expression in pouchvesicles and periphery thereof. FIG. 2l shows in vivo expression ofPitx1 (red) and aPKC (green) (apical marker) in Rathke's pouch andsurrounding tissues. FIGS. 2m and 2n show electron microscopy images ofpouch vesicles. Tall epithelial cells (m, apical, top), detached cellsin the basal side (m, bracket), apical cilia (n, arrowheads), apicaljunction (n, arrow). FIG. 2o shows Islet1 positive cells in the basalpart of the pouch vesicles (Lim3 (green), Isl1 (red)). FIG. 2p showsschematic of in vitro generation of the obtained Rathke's pouche-likevesicles. Scale bars, 100 μm (a-d, f, g); 50 μm (e, i, 1); 20 μm (j); 2μm (k).

FIG. 3a shows differentiation into each pituitary hormone-producingcells. FIG. 3b shows enhanced Tbx19 expression due to DAPT treatmentwith the hypophysis precursor tissue obtained by SAG treatment (day 20)(DAPT treatment (days 18-19)/BIO treatment (days 16-18)). FIG. 3c showspercentages of ACTH⁺ cells in non-neural (N-cad-) cells on day 22 (DAPTtreatment (days 18-19)/BIO treatment (days 16-18)). FIG. 3d-g showsexpression of marker genes in SAG⁺ DAPT-treated aggregates. Red: ACTH,green: E-cadherin (e)/neurofilament (f)/PC2 (g). FIG. 3h showsattenuated Tbx19 and ACTH expression by shRNA-mediated knockdown of lim3by deoxycycline (Dox) treatment. FIG. 3i shows expression of Rx, lim3and ACTH of LCA+ SAG-treated SFEBq aggregates with DAPT treatment. FIG.3j shows schematic of corticotroph generation from the ESC-derivedpouch. FIG. 3k shows graph showing influences of DAPT, BIO and IWP2 onPitx1 expression (day 26)

FIGS. 3 L and 3 m show generation of GH⁺ cells in LCA+ SAG aggregates(day 33) (hydrocortisone and insulin were added on 25 days 20-30). FIGS.3n and 3o show generation of Prolactin⁺ cells in LCA+ SAG aggregates(day 33) (estradiol and insulin were added on days 20-30). FIGS. 3p-3sshow generation of LH⁺ cells, FSH⁺ cells, and TSH⁺ cells in LCA+ SAGaggregates (day 33) (PA6-conditioned medium (acclimation medium) wasadded from day 10). Scale bars, 20 μm (d, e); 50 μm (f, g); 100 μm (m,o, q, r, s).

FIG. 4a shows schematic of CRH-loading test for ACTH secretion. FIG. 4bshows enhancement of ACTH secretion by CRH-loading. FIG. 4c showsenhancement of ACTH secretion by CRH-loading at various doses. FIG. 4dshows influence of SAG, DAPT and CRH treatments on ACTH secretion fromaggregates. FIG. 4e shows that pretreatment with hydrocortisone (F), anegative feedback factor on ACTH secretion, suppressed the enhancementof ACTH secretion by CRH. FIG. 4f shows that pretreatment with estradiol(E2) did not influence ACTH secretion.

FIG. 5a shows design of transplantation experiment of aggregates intohypophysectomized mice and engraftment of aggregates (labeled with GFP)transplanted under the renal capsule on post-operative day 7 (red: ACTH⁺cells; blue: DAPI; scale bar, 100 μm). FIGS. 5b and c shows thatno-production of ACTH due to hypophysectomy (with (c) or without (b) CRHloading). FIG. 5d shows ACTH levels in grafted mice with (right) orwithout (left) CRH loading. FIGS. 5e and 5f show increased productionsof ACTH (e) and corticosterone (f) by CRH loading. FIGS. 5g and 5h showbasal levels of ACTH- and corticosterone-production without CRH loading.FIGS. 5i and 5j show improvement of spontaneous locomotor activity inhypophysectomized mice by the transplantation of ACTH-producing cells.FIG. 5k shows survival of hypophysectomized mice transplanted withaggregates, analyzed by Kaplan-Meyer method.

FIG. 6 shows the expression of BMP2 and BMP4 in gfCDM/SFEBq culturesstarted at 3000 cells/aggregate (LCA−) or 10000 cells/aggregate (LCA+).

FIG. 7 shows the results of floating aggregates culture using human EScells at 12000 cells/aggregate. In the aggregates added with 5 nM BMP4on day 3 of culture, aggregates wherein Rx⁺ rostral hypothalamus tissuecells are encapsulated by a monolayer sheeted continuous epitheliumcomposed of E-cadherin⁺ rostral non-neural head ectoderm tissues wereformed on day 17 of culture. Furthermore, formation of E-cadherin⁺thickened non-neural ectoderm was found on day 25 of culture.

FIG. 8 shows the measurement results of mRNA expression of Pitx1, amarker of a rostral non-neural head ectoderm tissue, by quantitative PCRusing cell aggregates on day 17 of culture in FIG. 7. In the aggregatesadded with 5 nM BMP4, the mRNA expression of Pitx1 increased about10-folds as compared to the aggregates without the addition.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

The present invention is explained in detail in the following.

(1) Tissues and Cells Obtained by the Production Method of the PresentInvention (A) Aggregates Comprising Central Nervous Tissue andNon-Neural Head Ectodermal Tissue

According to the production method of the present invention (sometimesto be referred to as a differentiation induction method),differentiation into an aggregate comprising both a central nervoustissue and a non-neural head ectodermal tissue, particularly a rostralhypothalamus tissue (also simply referred to as a hypothalamus tissue)and a rostral non-neural head ectodermal tissue which is a sheet-likecontinuous epithelium (also simply referred to as a non-neural headectodermal tissue) can be induced. The aggregate comprising a rostralhypothalamus tissue and a rostral non-neural head ectodermal tissuewhich is a sheet-like continuous epithelium is, for example, a cellaggregate comprising a rostral non-neural head ectodermal tissuecomposed of sheet-like continuous epithelium-like monolayer ofPitx1-positive cells present on the contact surface with a culturemedium, and a rostral hypothalamus tissues composed of Rx-positive cellsinside of the rostral non-neural head ectodermal tissue. In thedifferentiation induction method of the present invention, since bothtissues of a central nervous tissue and a non-neural head ectodermaltissue are simultaneously formed in one aggregate (specifically, asheet-like non-neural head ectodermal tissue is formed on the outside ofthe central nervous tissue in one aggregate), these tissues can interacttopically.

It is known that interaction of rostral hypothalamus tissue and rostralnon-neural head ectodermal tissue is necessary for inducing Rathke'spouch (precursor tissue of pituitary gland) in the developmental processof an individual (Bharti et al (2011) Development 138, 873-878).

For example, when a rostral non-neural head ectodermal tissue which is asheet-like continuous epithelium is formed on the outside of a rostralhypothalamus tissue in one aggregate, these tissues can topicallyinteract and induce a pituitary precursor tissue, and further,hypophysis hormone-producing cells.

In addition, interaction of central nervous tissue and non-neural headectodermal tissue is also necessary for the formation of an headectodermal placode that forms a sensory organ. To be specific, olfactoryepithelium is developed via a placode formed by an interaction between acerebrum tissue and a rostral non-neural head ectodermal tissue(Olfactory placode); a crystalline lens is developed via a placode (Lensplacode) formed by an interaction between a retina tissue and anon-neural head ectodermal tissue; and an inner ear is developed via aplacode (Otic placode) formed by an interaction between a metencephalontissue and a non-neural head ectodermal tissue.

That is, when a combination of the aforementioned tissues is formed withthe aforementioned constitution in one aggregate, these tissues cantopically interact, which leads to the formation of each placode and thedevelopment of each sensory organ.

Whether the cells in the aggregate belong to a central nervous tissue ora non-neural head ectodermal tissue can be judged based on the geneexpression profile of the central nervous tissue and the non-neural headectodermal tissue, which is observed in a normally-developed live body.Specific gene expression profile is described in the following (D). Inone embodiment, the rostral hypothalamus tissue is a Rx⁺, N-cadherin⁺,Sox1⁺ nerve tissue. In one embodiment, the rostral hypothalamus tissueis a Rx⁺, Chx10⁻, Nkx2.1⁺, Nestin⁺ nerve tissue. In one embodiment, therostral head ectodermal tissue (rostral non-neural head ectoderm) is asheet-like continuous epithelial tissue formed on a surface layer of theaggregate, which is composed of Pitx1-positive, N-cadherin⁺ monolayercells.

(B) Rathke's Pouch-Like Tissue

In the development of a live body, adenohypophysis (anterior pituitaryand intermediate pituitary) is induced from a tissue called Rathke'spouch. The Rathke's pouch is formed in a very early stage of ontogenesisby invagination of a placode formed in rostral non-neural head ectoderm,and is subsequently separated from the ectoderm to be an epithelialpouch vesicle.

According to the method of the present invention, a pouch vesicle havingan epithelial structure and polarity similar to those of Rathke's pouchis formed in the above-mentioned aggregate comprising a rostralhypothalamus tissue and a rostral non-neural head ectodermal tissue. Thepouch vesicle is present in the vicinity of the hypothalamus tissue,like the Rathke's pouch in a live body, and is also adjacent to therostral non-neural head ectodermal tissue. That is, the method of thepresent invention can reproduce the microenvironment in the developmentof pituitary gland in a live body (see FIG. 2p ).

Therefore, the “Rathke's pouch-like tissue” or “pituitary precursortissue” in the present invention is defined by the characteristics, forexample, having morphological characteristics (concave or pouch vesicle)similar to those of Rathke's pouch observed in a normally developed livebody, being present in the vicinity of hypothalamus tissue and rostralnon-neural head ectodermal tissue, having the same gene expressionprofile as that of Rathke's pouch in a live body, and the like. Thespecific gene expression profiles are described in the following (D). Inone embodiment, the Rathke's pouch-like tissue is a Lim3-positiveepithelial pouch vesicle.

(C) Pituitary Hormone-Producing Cells

Anterior pituitary secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), growthhormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin (PRL),follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH)(anterior pituitaryhormone), and intermediate pituitary secretesmelanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) (intermediate pituitary hormone).MSH is one of the ACTH related peptides, and is formed by enzymaticdegradation of propiomelanocortin which is a common precursor with ACTH.On the other hand, since oxytocin (OX) and vasopressin (VP), which arehormones secreted by posterior pituitary, are produced in hypothalamus,they are not included in the pituitary hormone in the presentspecification. The pituitary hormone in the present specification refersto anterior pituitary hormone.

(i) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

It is also referred to as corticotropin. It is a peptide hormone having39 amino acids and secreted from adrenocorticotropic hormone-producingand secreting cells (corticotrophs) in the anterior pituitary. ACTHshows a glucocorticoid secretagogue action. Secretion of ACTH ispromoted by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) secreted fromhypothalamus, and negatively feedbacked by glucocorticoid.

(ii) Growth Hormone (GH) It is also referred to as somatotropin. It issecreted from growth hormone-producing and secreting cells(somatotrophs) in anterior pituitary. In the case of human, it is apeptide hormone having 191 amino acids. GH shows various biologicalactivities such as a promoting action on protein synthesis and cartilagegrowth, lipolysis action and the like. Secretion of GH is stimulated bya growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) secreted from hypothalamus,and suppressed by somatostatin. Secretion of GH is also negativelyfeedbacked by GH itself and IGF-1.(iii) Prolactin (PRL)

It is a peptide hormone mainly secreted from prolactin-producing andsecreting cells (lactotrophs) in anterior pituitary, and having 199amino acids. In human, PRL promotes milk secretion and differentiationand development of mammary gland in the presence of estrogen and showsan action of pregnancy maintenance and the like. Secretion of PRL isstimulated by prolactin releasing factors (PRFs) (e.g.,thyroid-stimulating hormone releasing hormone (TRH), vasopressin,vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI))and TRH, and suppressed by prolactin inhibitory factors (PIFs) (e.g.,dopamine, γ-amino butyric acid (GABA)).

(iv) Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

It is one kind of gonadotropic hormones (gonadotropins), and is aglycoprotein composed of α-subunit and β-subunit, which is secreted fromgonadotropic hormone-producing and secreting cells (gonadotrophs) inanterior pituitary. In female, LH acts together with FSH on developingfollicle to grow follicle, promotes ovulation and luteinization,stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone, and plays animportant role in the formation of menstrual cycle. In male, it acts onLeydig cells in testis to promote secretion of testosterone. Secretionof LH is also promoted by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretedfrom hypothalamus.

(v) Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

It is one kind of gonadotropic hormones (gonadotropins), and is aglycoprotein composed of α-subunit and β-subunit, which is secreted fromgonadotropic hormone-producing and secreting cells (gonadotrophs) inanterior pituitary. Secretion of FSH is also promoted bygonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secreted from hypothalamus. Infemale, FSH acts on ovary to make primordial follicle into developingfollicle, acts together with LH to grow same into mature follicle, andpromotes secretion of estrogen from follicle. When estrogen increases,the secretion of GnRH is suppressed by the feedback to hypothalamus andsecretion of FSH is also suppressed. When estrogen further increases,GnRH increases due to a positive feedback to hypothalamus and pituitarygland. In male, it acts on Sertoli cells in testis to promote secretionof testosterone and promotes spermatogenesis.

(vi) Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

It is a glycoprotein composed of α-subunit and β-subunit (α-subunit iscommon with LH, FSH), which is secreted from thyroid-stimulatinghormone-producing and secreting cells (thyrotrophs) in anteriorpituitary. TSH acts on thyroid gland to promote production or secretionof thyroid gland hormone. Secretion of TSH is stimulated bythyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) secreted from hypothalamus, andnegatively feedbacked by thyroid hormone.

A cell capable of producing and secreting any of these pituitaryhormones, which is obtained by the differentiation induction method ofthe present invention, is generically referred to as a “pituitaryhormone-producing cell” in the present specification.

Examples of the disease caused by failure in the production or secretionof any of the above-mentioned pituitary hormones includehypoadrenocorticism, growth hormone deficiency dwarfism, adult-onset GHdeficiency, pituitary dwarfism, cretinism, infertility and the like. Inpanhypopituitarism (including empty sella syndrome, hypophysis apoplexy,postoperative hypophysis damage), partial hypopituitarism, and isolatedanterior pituitary hormone deficiency (specifically, isolated ACTHdeficiency, isolated growth hormone deficiency, isolated TSH deficiency,isolated prolactin deficiency, isolated gonadotropic hormonedeficiency), a failure occurs in the production or secretion of one orall of the above-mentioned hypophysis hormones.

(D) Identification of Tissue and Cell

The tissues or cells obtained by the method of the present invention canbe confirmed as to which tissues or cells they have differentiated into,by using, as an index, the presence or absence of expression of a markergene, or release of a pituitary hormone into a medium or intracellularaccumulation of the precursor protein in the case of pituitaryhormone-producing cells, and the like, or combining them as necessary.In addition, the obtained tissues or cells can also be specified byobserving the morphology of the tissues and cells. Furthermore, adesired particular tissue or cell can also be isolated based on suchmarker expression patterns and tissue or cell morphology.

Examples of the markers used in the present invention include, but arenot limited to, pituitary hormones such as ACTH, GH, PRL, LH, FSH, TSHand the like, N-cadherin, Nkx2.1 (neural marker), Sox1 (neural ectodermmarker), nestin (neural ectoderm marker), neurofilament and NSE(neuron-specific enolase) (neuron marker), Rx (hypothalamus marker),Pitx1 and Pitx2 (non-neural head ectoderm marker), Chx10 (retinalmarker), Lim3 (initial pituitary/pituitary precursor tissue marker),Islet1 and 2 (late Rathke's pouch marker), E-cadherin (epithelial cellmarker), Prop1 and Pit1 (markers specific to gonadotroph, somatotroph,lactotroph or caudomedial thyrotroph precursor), Tbx19 (marker specificto corticotroph), PC2 (melanotropic lineage marker) and the like. Theidentity of the obtained cell can be specified by appropriatelycombining the presence or absence of the expression of these and othermarker genes.

The tissues or cells obtained by the differentiation induction method ofthe present invention can be characterized according to the geneexpression profile of a tissue or cell actually present in a live body.

For example, by definition using the above-mentioned markers, the cellof rostral hypothalamus tissue is Rx⁺, preferably Rx⁺, N-cadherin⁺,nestin⁺, Nkx2.1+, Chx10⁻. The cell of rostral head ectodermal tissue(rostral non-neural head ectoderm) is Pitx1⁺, preferably Pitx1⁺, Pitx2⁺,E-cadherin⁺. The cell of pituitary precursor tissue (Rathke's pouch-liketissue) is Lim3⁺, Pitx1⁺, Pitx2⁺, Isl1⁺, E-cadherin⁺ (which matches theexpression profile of pituitary primordium). The pituitary (non-neural)hormone-producing cell is neurofilament-, NSE⁻. The pituitaryACTH-producing cell is ACTH⁺, Tbx19⁺, PC2⁻, and other pituitaryhormone-producing cells are Tbx19⁻. The MSH-producing cell ofintermediate pituitary is ACTH⁺, Tbx19⁺, PC2⁺. The pituitaryGH-producing cell, PRL-producing cell and TSH-producing cell aredifferentiated into each pituitary hormone-producing cell via a Pitx1⁺intermediate precursor.

According to the method of the present invention, differentiation intothe above-mentioned central nervous tissue and non-neural headectodermal tissue, for example, a rostral hypothalamus tissue and arostral head ectodermal tissue (rostral non-neural head ectoderm), issimultaneously induced in one aggregate. In this case, an aggregatewherein a rostral head ectodermal tissue (non-neural head ectoderm) ispresent on a surface layer, and a central nervous tissue (rostralhypothalamus tissue) is present inside thereof is obtained.

According to the further method of the present invention, a Rathke'spouch-like tissue is formed in an aggregate. The pouch vesicle shows thesame marker expression as pituitary precursor tissues and has amorphologically similar epithelial structure and polarity. Furthermore,like the pituitary precursor tissue (Rathke's pouch) in a live body, itis present in the vicinity of an Rx-positive hypothalamus tissue, and isformed also in adjacency to a rostral non-neural head ectodermal tissue.This indicates that the differentiation induction method of the presentinvention imitates the microenvironment in the development of apituitary precursor tissue in the process of embryogenic development.Therefore, the Rathke's pouch-like tissue is also referred to as apituitary precursor tissue in the present invention.

In the case of pituitary hormone-producing cells, differentiation intoeach pituitary hormone-producing cell can be confirmed by using therelease of each of ACTH, GH, PRL, LH, FSH and TSH into medium,intracellular accumulation of precursor proteins thereof and the like asindices.

When the expression of marker genes specific to each hypophysishormone-producing cell is used as an index, ACTH-producing cell can becharacterized by the expression of ACTH and Tbx19 as an index,GH-producing cell can be characterized by the expression of GH as anindex, PRL-producing cell can be characterized by the expression of PRLas an index, TSH-producing cell can be characterized by the expressionof TSH as an index, FSH-producing cell can be characterized by theexpression of FSH as an index, and LH-producing cell can becharacterized by the expression of LH as an index. While pituitaryhormones are also secreted from neuron, each pituitary hormone-producingcell obtained by the production method of the present invention can bedistinguished from such neuron in that neural markers NSE andneurofilament are negative.

The expression of marker gene is analyzed by performing quantitativePCR, for example, 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems),according to the instructions of the manufacturer, and normalizing thedata by GAPDH expression. The method of quantitative PCR is known tothose of ordinary skill in the art. Alternatively, the cells may bemanipulated (knocked in) to allow for expression of a desired markergene as a fusion protein of a marker gene product and GFP, venus and thelike. It is also possible to detect protein expression by using anantibody specific to the marker gene product.

These proteins can be detected by immunostaining or radioimmunoassay. Inaddition, other pituitary hormone production can also be assayedsimilarly using an antibody and the like specific to the hormone to beproduced and the like. Such method is known to those of ordinary skillin the art.

(2) Stem Cells

A “stem cell” refers to a cell capable of retaining a constant potentialfor differentiation even after undergoing cell division. Examples of thestem cells include embryonic stem cells (ES cells) with pluripotencyderived from a fertilized egg or a clone embryo, somatic stem cells andpluripotent stem cells that are present in tissues in a live body,hepatic stem cells, dermal stem cells, and germ stem cells that serve asthe bases for respective tissues, pluripotent stem cells derived from agerm stem cell, pluripotent stem cells derived from a somatic cell thatare obtained by nuclear reprogramming, and the like.

In particular, a “pluripotent stem cell” refers to a stem cell thatpermits cultivation in vitro, and having the potential fordifferentiating into all cells, but the placenta, constituting the body(tissues derived from the three germ layers of the embryo (ectoderm,mesoderm, endoderm)) (pluripotency); embryonic stem cells are alsoincluded therein. A “pluripotent stem cell” can be obtained from afertilized egg, a clone embryo, a germ stem cell, or a stem cell in atissue. Also included are cells having differentiation pluripotencysimilar to that of embryonic stem cells, conferred artificially bytransferring several different genes to a somatic cell (also referred toas induced pluripotent stem cells). Pluripotent stem cells can beprepared by a method known per se. Available methods include, forexample, methods described in Cell 131(5), pp. 861-872, Cell 126(4), pp.663-676 and elsewhere.

As stem cells, for example, cells derived from a warm-blooded animal,preferably from a mammal, can be used. Mammals include, for example,laboratory animals, including rodents such as mice, rats, hamsters andguinea pigs, and rabbits; domestic animals such as pigs, cattle, goat,horses, and sheep; companion animals such as dogs and cats; primatessuch as humans, monkeys, orangutans, and chimpanzees.

Examples of stem cells that are specifically used in a method of thepresent invention include embryonic stem cells of a mammal or the likeestablished by culturing a pre-implantation early embryo (hereinafter,abbreviated as “embryonic stem cells I”), embryonic stem cellsestablished by culturing an early embryo prepared bynuclear-transplanting the nucleus of a somatic cell (hereinafter,abbreviated as “embryonic stem cells II”), induced pluripotent stemcells (iPS cells) established by transferring several different genes toa somatic cell, and/or acting a compound, and pluripotent stem cellsprepared by modifying a gene on a chromosome of embryonic stem cells I,embryonic stem cells II or iPS cells using a gene engineering technique(hereinafter, abbreviated as “modified pluripotent stem cells”).

More specifically, embryonic stem cells I include embryonic stem cellsestablished from an inner cell mass that constitutes an early embryo, EGcells established from a primordial germ cell, cells isolated from acell population possessing the pluripotency of pre-implantation earlyembryos (e.g., primordial ectoderm), cells obtained by culturing thesecells, and the like.

Embryonic stem cells I can be prepared by culturing a pre-implantationearly embryo according to a method described in the literature(Manipulating the Mouse Embryo A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory Press (1994)).

Embryonic stem cells II can be prepared using, for example, methodsreported by Wilmut et al. (Nature, 385, 810 (1997)), Cibelli et al.(Science, 280, 1256 (1998)), Akira Iritani et al. (Protein, Nucleic Acidand Enzyme, 44, 892 (1999)), Baguisi et al. (Nature Biotechnology, 17,456 (1999)), Wakayama et al. (Nature, 394, 369 (1998); Nature Genetics,22, 127 (1999); Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 14984 (1999)), RideoutIII et al. (Nature Genetics, 24, 109 (2000)) and others, for example, asdescribed below.

By extracting the nucleus of a mammalian cell and then reprogramming thenucleus (an operation to return the nucleus to a state to resumedevelopment), initiating development using a method involving injectioninto an enucleated unfertilized egg of a mammal, and culturing the eggthat has started development, an egg that has the nucleus of anothersomatic cell, and has begun normal development, can be obtained.

A plurality of methods of reprogramming the nucleus of a somatic cellare known. For example, the nucleus can be reprogrammed by changing themedium used to culture the nucleus donor cell from a medium comprising 5to 30%, preferably 10%, of fetal bovine serum (e.g., M2 medium) to anoligotrophic medium comprising 0 to 1%, preferably 0.5%, of fetal bovineserum, and culturing the cell for 3 to 10 days, preferably 5 days, toinduce the cell cycle into a resting phase state (G0 stage or G1 stage).

The nucleus can also be reprogrammed by injecting the nucleus of thenucleus donor cell into an enucleated unfertilized egg of a mammal ofthe same species, and culturing the cell for several hours, preferablyfor about 1 to 6 hours.

The reprogrammed nucleus is able to begin development in the enucleatedunfertilized egg. A plurality of methods of allowing the reprogrammednucleus to begin development in the enucleated unfertilized egg areknown. By transplanting a nucleus reprogrammed by inducing the cellcycle to a resting phase state (phase G0 or phase G1) into an enucleatedunfertilized egg of a mammal of the same species by the electrofusionmethod and the like, the egg can be activated and allowed to begindevelopment.

A nucleus reprogrammed by injecting the nucleus into an enucleatedunfertilized egg of a mammal of the same species is transplanted back toan enucleated unfertilized egg of a mammal of the same species by amethod using a micromanipulator or the like, and stimulated with an eggactivator (e.g., strontium and the like), and thereafter treated with aninhibitor of cell division (e.g., cytochalasin B and the like) tosuppress the release of the second polar body, whereby development canbe initiated. This method is suitable when the mammal is, for example, amouse or the like.

Provided that an egg once began to develop is obtained, embryonic stemcells can be acquired using publicly known methods described inManipulating the Mouse Embryo A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory Press (1994); Gene Targeting, A PracticalApproach, IRL Press at Oxford University Press (1993); Biomanual Series8 Gene Targeting, Preparation of Mutant Mice Using ES Cells, Yodosha(1995) and the like.

An iPS cell can be produced by transferring, for example, Oct3/4, Sox2and Klf4 (c-Myc or n-Myc further added as required) to a somatic cell(e.g., fibroblast, dermal cell and the like) (Cell, 126: p. 663-676,2006; Nature, 448: p. 313-317, 2007; Nat Biotechnol, 26: p. 101-106,2008; Cell 131: 861-872, 2007). It can also be produced by introducingOct3/4 and Sox2, (further Klf4 as necessary), reacting same with ahistone deacetylase inhibitor, valproic acid (Nature Biotechnology, 26:p. 1269-1275, 2008), but the method is not limited thereto.

Modified pluripotent stem cells can be prepared by using, for example,homologous recombination technology. Examples of the gene on thechromosome to be modified in preparing modified pluripotent stem cells,histocompatibility antigen genes, genes related to diseases based ondisorders of nervous system cells, and the like. A modification of thetarget gene on the chromosome can be performed using methods describedin Manipulating the Mouse Embryo A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1994); Gene Targeting, A PracticalApproach, IRL Press at Oxford University Press (1993); Biomanual Series8 Gene Targeting, Preparation of Mutant Mice Using ES Cells, Yodosha(1995) and the like.

Specifically, for example, a genomic gene of a target gene to bemodified (e.g., histocompatibility antigen genes, disease-related genesand the like) is isolated, and a target vector for homologousrecombination of the target gene is prepared using the genomic geneisolated. By transferring the target vector prepared to an embryonicstem cell, and selecting cells undergoing homologous recombinationbetween the target gene and the target vector, stem cells having amodified gene on the chromosome can be prepared.

Methods of isolating a genomic gene of a target gene include publiclyknown methods described in Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual,Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989), CurrentProtocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons (1987-1997) andelsewhere. A genomic gene of a target gene can also be isolated by usinga genomic DNA library screening system (produced by Genome Systems),Universal GenomeWalker™ Kits (produced by CLONTECH) and the like.

Preparation of a target vector for homologous recombination of a targetgene and efficient sorting of a homologous recombinant can be achievedby a method described in Gene Targeting, A Practical Approach, IRL Pressat Oxford University Press (1993); Biomanual Series 8 Gene Targeting,Preparation of Mutant Mice Using ES Cells, Yodosha (1995) and elsewhere.The target vector used may be any one of the replacement type and theinsertion type; useful methods of sorting include positive selection,promoter selection, negative selection, poly A selection and the like.

Available methods of selecting a desired homologous recombinant fromamong the sorted cell lines include Southern hybridization, PCR and thelike, for genomic DNA.

Stem cells are available from specified organizations, and commercialproducts may be purchased. For example, the human embryonic stem cellsKhES-1, KhES-2 and KhES-3 are available from the Institute for FrontierMedical Sciences, Kyoto University. Examples of mouse embryonic stemcells include EB5 cells and the like.

Stem cells can be cultured for maintenance by a method known per se. Forexample, stem cells can be maintained by cultivation without feedercells with the addition of fetal bovine serum (FCS), Knockout™ SerumReplacement (KSR), and LIF.

(3) Formation of Homogenous Agglutinates of Stem Cells andFloating-Culture Thereof

The step of forming homogenous aggregates of stem cells and the step offloating-culturing the aggregates to be used in the differentiationinduction method of the present invention are almost the same as thosein “The SFEBq method” disclosed in patent document 3 and non-patentdocument 5.

“Forming homogenous aggregates of stem cells” refers to formingqualitatively homogenous aggregates of stem cells by allowing “a givennumber of dispersed stem cells to aggregate quickly” in allowing stemcells to assemble and form aggregates of stem cells and culturing theaggregates (aggregate culture). The same refers particularly topromoting the epithelization of cells deriving from stem cells byallowing “the cells to aggregate quickly”. Hence, as used herein, theterm “to allow the cells to aggregate quickly” refers to forming withhigh reproducibility an epithelium-like structure in the cells producedby allowing stem cells to aggregate homogenously.

“Floating-culturing the homogenous aggregates of stem cells” or“Culturing the homogenous aggregates of stem cells as floatingaggregates (also referred to as aggregate mass)” refers to culturing thestem cells assembled to form homogenous aggregates obtained in theabove-mentioned step, in a culture medium under conditions that arenon-adhesive to the cell culture vessel (herein, these steps aredescribed as “the SFEBq method” together). When floating-culturing thestem cells, the culturing is preferably performed in the absence offeeder cells to facilitate the formation of suspended aggregates, and/orto achieve efficient induction of differentiation (e.g., induction ofdifferentiation into ectodermal cells such as nervous system cells).

Any method may be employed to form homogenous aggregates of stem cells,as far as homogenous aggregates of stem cells are formed by allowing“the cells to aggregate quickly”, and an epithelium-like structure ofthe cells produced from the stem cells is formed with highreproducibility; such methods include, for example, a method whereincells are enclosed in a small space using a plate with small wells(96-well plate), micropores or the like, a method wherein cells areaggregated by centrifugation for a short time using a small centrifugaltube, and the like.

Any culture vessel can be used to form aggregates, as far as it allows ahomogenous aggregate of stem cells to be formed by allowing “the cellsto aggregate quickly”; those skilled in the art are able to determinethe choice as appropriate. Such culture vessels include, for example,flasks, tissue culture flasks, dishes, Petri dishes, tissue culturedishes, multi-dishes, microplates, micro-well plates, micropores,multi-plates, multi-well plates, chamber slides, Petri dishes, tubes,trays, culturing bags, and roller bottles. For rapid aggregation of thecells, use of a culture vessel having a comparatively small culturespace is preferable as mentioned above. From the viewpoint of forminghomogenous aggregates, it is preferable that these culture vessels benon-cell-adhesive. Useful non-cell-adhesive culture vessels includeculture vessels whose surfaces have not undergone an artificialtreatment for improving the cell adhesiveness (e.g., coating treatmentwith an extracellular matrix and the like).

A culture vessel to be used for floating-culture is not particularlylimited as long as floating-culture of cells is possible, and those sameas the above-mentioned culture vessels can be used. When aggregates aresubjected to floating-culture, the culture vessel is preferablynon-cell-adhesive, like those mentioned above. As a culture vessel to beused for floating-culture, the one used for forming aggregates may bedirectly used.

The concentration of stem cells at the time of aggregate formation canbe set as appropriate to allow aggregates of stem cells to be formedmore homogenously and efficiently by those skilled in the art. However,high cell density (HCD) (also referred to as large cell-aggregation(LCA) condition) is preferably employed, so that the expression ofendogenous growth factors in the aggregate will be increased, and as aresult, differentiation into both a central nervous tissue and anon-neural head ectodermal tissue (particularly, a rostral hypothalamustissue and a rostral head ectodermal tissue) will be inducedsimultaneously. While aggregate formation has been carried out byseeding cells at low cell concentrations in the prior art (e.g.,non-patent document 5, patent document 3, etc.), with such low cellconcentration, the expression of endogenous growth factors in theaggregate is less likely to increase and, unless stimulation with aexogenous BMP signal promoter (e.g., BMP4) is applied, simultaneousdifferentiation into both a central nervous tissue and a non-neural headectodermal tissue (particularly, a rostral hypothalamus tissue and arostral head ectodermal tissue) is hardly induced.

The above-mentioned “endogenous growth factor” refers to BMPs (BoneMorphogenetic proteins), particularly, BMP2, BMP4, or both BMP2 andBMP4. The “increased” expression of endogenous growth factors in theaggregate means an increase in the expression of endogenous growthfactors at a time point on day 7 or thereafter from the start of theculture at a high cell concentration, as compared to that when theaggregate is formed at a low cell concentration (for example, 3000cells/aggregate), and refers to an increase of at least not less than1.8-fold, preferably not less than 1.9-fold, more preferably not lessthan 2.0-fold. When the expression of endogenous growth factors is toohigh, formation of a central nervous tissue and a non-neural headectodermal tissue which induce formation of placode for pituitary glandand sensory organ, particularly a rostral hypothalamus tissue and arostral head ectodermal tissue (in the case of hypophysis placode) maybe conversely suppressed. Therefore, an increase in the expression ofthe endogenous growth factor is generally not more than 5.0-fold,preferably not more than 4.0-fold, more preferably not more than3.5-fold.

While the expression of endogenous growth factors may be measured byeither the mRNA level or protein level, it is preferably measured at themRNA level. Quantification of protein and mRNA may be performed usingmethods known in the art. Quantification of mRNA is preferably performedby quantitative PCR (for example, real-time PCR). In one embodiment, theexpression level of endogenous growth factors refers to the expressionlevel of one of BMP4 and BMP2.

In one embodiment, at a time point on day 7 or thereafter from the startof the culture at a high cell concentration, the expression of eitherBMP2 or BMP4 in the aggregate formed at a high cell concentration is atleast not less than 1.8-fold, preferably not less than 1.9-fold, morepreferably not less than 2.0-fold, as compared to that when theaggregate is formed at a low cell concentration (for example, 3000cells/aggregate) In addition, at the same time point, the expression ofeither BMP2 or BMP4 in the aggregate is generally not more than5.0-fold, preferably not more than 4.0-fold, more preferably not morethan 3.5-fold, as compared to those of low cell concentration.

In one embodiment, at a time point on day 7 or thereafter from the startof the culture at a high cell concentration, the expression of each ofBMP2 and BMP4 in the aggregate formed at a high cell concentration is atleast not less than 1.8-fold, preferably not less than 1.9-fold, morepreferably not less than 2.0-fold, as compared to that when theaggregate is formed at a low cell concentration (for example, 3000cells/aggregate) In addition, at the same time point, the expression ofeach of BMP2 and BMP4 in the aggregate is generally not more than5.0-fold, preferably not more than 4.0-fold, more preferably not morethan 3.5-fold, as compared to those of low cell concentration.

In one embodiment, to induce simultaneous differentiation into both acentral nervous tissue and a non-neural head ectodermal tissue(particularly a rostral hypothalamus tissue and a rostral headectodermal tissue which is a sheet-like continuous epithelium) in anaggregate, it is important to form the aggregate at a cell concentrationthat enables to achieve an “increase” in the expression of theendogenous growth factors (i.e., BMP2 and/or BMP4) as mentioned above inthe aggregate (high cell density (HCD) or large cell-aggregation (LCA)conditions). In particular, when stimulation with exogenous BMP signalpromoter (e.g., BMP4) is absent, it is preferable to form the aggregateat a cell concentration that achieves an “increase” in the expression ofthe endogenous growth factors (i.e., BMP2 and/or BMP4) in the aggregate(high cell density (HCD) or large cell-aggregation (LCA) conditions).

Where necessary, to induce differentiation into both a central nervoustissue and a non-neural head ectodermal tissue (particularly a rostralhypothalamus tissue and a rostral head ectodermal tissue) in anaggregate, an exogenous signal promoter of a protein belonging to theBMP subfamily in the TGF-β superfamily may be added to the followingserum-free medium, in addition to the above-mentioned conditions, at aconcentration that does not cause suppression of neural differentiationor for a period that does not cause suppression of neuraldifferentiation. Here, the proteins belonging to the BMP subfamily referto those classified as BMPs (BMP2/4 group (BMP2, BMP4), OP-1 group(BMP5, BMP6, BMP7, BMP8a, BMP8b), BMP9 group (BMP9, BMP10), GDF5 group(GDF5, GDF6, GDF7)) and GDFs (Growth and Differentiation Factors). BMP2and/or BMP4 are/is particularly preferable, and BMP4 is most preferable.

The promoter (e.g., BMP4) of a signal of a protein belonging to theexogenous BMP subfamily (e.g., BMPs) may be comprised in the serum-freemedium from the time of formation of the aggregate, or may be added tothe serum-free medium after the lapse of a given time from the start offloating-culture. The period from the start of floating-culture ofaggregate after the start of floating-culture to the addition of theabove-mentioned signal promoter is generally within 240 hours,preferably within 96 hours, more preferably within 72 hours.

In one embodiment, from the viewpoint of not suppressing the neuraldifferentiation, a signal promoter (e.g., BMP2 and/or BMP4) of a proteinbelonging to the BMP subfamily (e.g., BMPs) is added to a serum-freemedium after a lapse of a predetermined period of time from the start ofthe floating-culture. That is, the above-mentioned signal promoter isadded to a serum-free medium after a lapse of 48 hours, at the earliest,from the start of the floating-culture.

The concentration of the signal promoter of a protein belonging to theexogenous BMP subfamily (e.g., BMPs) is, for example, within the rangeof 0.01-10 nM when BMP2 or BMP4 is used.

Moreover, to promote differentiation into a central nervous tissue and anon-neural head ectodermal tissue (particularly a rostral hypothalamustissue and a rostral head ectodermal tissue which is a sheet-likecontinuous epithelium) in an aggregate, the serum-free medium maycomprise a Shh signal promoter.

The Shh signal promoter is not particularly limited, as far as it iscapable of enhancing the signal transduction mediated by Shh. Shh signalpromoters include, for example, proteins belonging to the Hedgehogfamily (e.g., Shh, Shh-N), Shh receptors, Shh receptor agonists (e.g.,Purmorphamine, SAG); most preferably SAG.

Since SAG has a several-fold stronger activity than Shh and can be usedup to high concentrations relatively inexpensively, it can induce astrong activity of hedgehog signaling (Danjo et al, JNS, 2010).

The Shh signal promoter may be comprised in a serum-free medium from thetime of formation of the aggregate, or may be added to a serum-freemedium after the lapse of a given time from the start of thefloating-culture of the aggregate. The period from the start offloating-culture of aggregate after the start of floating-culture to theaddition of the Shh signal promoter is generally within 192 hours,preferably within 168 hours, more preferably within 144 hours.

The concentration of the Shh signal promoter to be used only needs to bea concentration that can promote differentiation into both a centralnervous tissue and a non-neural head ectodermal tissue (particularly arostral hypothalamus tissue and a rostral head ectodermal tissue whichis a sheet-like continuous epithelium) in an aggregate. Suchconcentration when using SAG is, for example, generally about 10-2000nM, preferably about 50-1000 nM, most preferably about 100-400 nM, inthe following serum-free medium.

In a preferable embodiment, to induce differentiation into both acentral nervous tissue and a non-neural head ectodermal tissue(particularly a rostral hypothalamus tissue and a rostral headectodermal tissue) in an aggregate, a signal promoter (preferably BMP2and/or BMP4) of a protein belonging to the exogenous BMP subfamily(e.g., BMPs), and a Shh signal promoter (preferably, SAG) are added to aserum-free medium used for the formation of aggregate and/orfloating-culture. In this case, the signal promoter of a proteinbelonging to the exogenous BMP subfamily (e.g., BMPs) may be comprisedin the serum-free medium from the time of formation of the aggregate, ormay be added to the serum-free medium after the lapse of a given timefrom the start of floating-culture. The period from the start offloating-culture to the addition of the above-mentioned signal promoteris generally within 240 hours, preferably within 96 hours, morepreferably within 72 hours. The signal promoter is preferably added to aserum-free medium after a lapse of 48 hours, at the earliest, from thestart of the floating-culture, so that the neural differentiation willnot be suppressed. The Shh signal promoter may be comprised in aserum-free medium from the time of formation of the aggregate, or may beadded to a serum-free medium after the lapse of a given time from thestart of the floating-culture of the aggregate. The period from thestart of floating-culture to the addition of the Shh signal promoter isgenerally within 192 hours, preferably within 168 hours. Theconcentration range of each factor is as mentioned above.

When stem cells of mouse are used, those skilled in the art can set thestem cell concentration at the time of aggregate formation asappropriate to form aggregates of stem cells more homogenously andefficiently. The concentration of the stem cells on aggregate formationis preferably started from a high cell concentration, so that aggregatesof stem cells comprising 5×10³-1.5×10⁴ stem cells (preferably8×10³-1.5×10⁴ stem cells) per one aggregate will be formed, which willincrease the expression of endogenous growth factors in the aggregate,and enable induction of simultaneous differentiation into both a centralnervous tissue and a non-neural head ectodermal tissue, for example,both a rostral hypothalamus tissue and a rostral head ectodermal tissue.For example, when a 96 well microwell plate is used, a liquid preparedto comprise about 4.5×10³-5×10⁴ cells, preferably about 5×10³-1.5×10⁴cells, most preferably about 8×10³-1.5×10⁴ cells, per well (150 μl) isadded, and the plate is stood to allow formation of aggregates. Using aculture vessel having a sufficiently small culture space, one aggregatecan be formed per well. In this case, the same number as the number ofstem cells comprised in one aggregate formed (5×10³-1.5×10⁴ cells,preferably 8×10³-1.5×10⁴ cells), or somewhat greater number of stemcells, are added to one well, and cultivated, whereby desired aggregatesof stem cells comprising 5×10³-1.5×10⁴ stem cells (preferably8×10³-1.5×10⁴ stem cells) per one aggregate can be formed. Those ofordinary skill in the art can easily and appropriately adjust the numberof cells to be added to one well to form aggregates of stem cellscomprising 5×10³-1.5×10⁴ stem cells (preferably 8×10³-1.5×10⁴ stemcells) per one aggregate, in consideration of the conditions such assize, shape of well, volume of medium and the like.

Even when stem cells of human are used, those skilled in the art can setthe stem cell concentration at the time of aggregate formation asappropriate to form aggregates of stem cells more homogenously andefficiently. The concentration of the stem cells on aggregate formationis preferably started from a high cell concentration, so that theexpression of endogenous growth factors in the aggregate will beincreased, and simultaneous differentiation into both a central nervoustissue and a non-neural head ectodermal tissue (particularly both arostral hypothalamus tissue and a rostral head ectodermal tissue) can beinduced. In case of human, to induce simultaneous differentiation intoboth a central nervous tissue and a non-neural head ectodermal tissue(particularly a rostral hypothalamus tissue and a rostral headectodermal tissue which is a sheet-like continuous epithelium) in anaggregate, it may be necessary to increase the cell number than theabove-mentioned concentration for mouse. For example, the high cellconcentration for human is preferably a concentration that can formaggregates of stem cells comprising about 0.9×10⁴-3×10⁴ stem cells perone aggregate. For example, when a 96 well microwell plate is used, thecells are prepared to be about 0.9×10⁴-3×10⁴ per well (150 μl) orsomewhat greater number of cells, and desired aggregates of stem cellscomprising 0.9×10⁴ 25-3×10⁴ stem cells per one aggregate can be formed.On the other hand, as mentioned above, when a signal promoter (e.g.,BMP2 and/or BMP4) of a protein belonging to the BMP subfamily (e.g.,BMPs) is added to a serum-free medium, the cell concentration does notalways need to be high, and a concentration that forms aggregates ofstem cells comprising 0.3×10⁴-3×10⁴ stem cells per one aggregate ispreferable. Those of ordinary skill in the art can appropriately adjustthe appropriate number of cells in consideration of the conditions suchas size, shape of well, volume of medium and the like.

Even when stem cells other than those from mouse or human is used, thenumber of stem cells per one aggregate can be appropriately adjustedaccording to the animal species from which the stem cells derive, sothat the expression of endogenous growth factors in the aggregate willbe increased, and simultaneous differentiation into both a centralnervous tissue and a non-neural head ectodermal tissue, particularlyboth a rostral hypothalamus tissue and a rostral head ectodermal tissuewhich is a sheet-like continuous epithelium can be induced.

Other culturing conditions such as culturing temperature and CO₂concentration at the time of aggregate formation can be set asappropriate. The culturing temperature is not particularly limited, andis, for example, about 30 to 40° C., preferably about 37° C. The CO₂concentration is, for example, about 1 to 10%, preferably about 5%.

Although the time to the formation of the aggregate can be determined asappropriate according to the stem cell used, as far as cells are allowedto aggregate quickly, it is desirable that the formation be performed assoon as possible to ensure the formation of homogenous aggregates. Suchformation of aggregates has been performed over about 2 days (see, forexample, Watanabe, K. et al., Nature Neurosci. 8,288-296, Schuldiner M,Benvenisty N. Factors controlling human embryonic stem celldifferentiation. Methods Enzymol. 2003; 365:446-461); by contrast, thistime has been shortened to enable efficient differentiation induction ofdesired tissues, cells and the like. In case of mouse embryonic stemcells, for example, it is desirable that the aggregates be formedpreferably within 12 hours, more preferably within 6 hours. Meanwhile,in case of human embryonic stem cells, it is desirable that theaggregates be formed preferably within 24 hours, more preferably within12 hours. If this time is exceeded, homogenous aggregates of stem cellsmay not be formed, which in turn can cause a remarkable reduction indifferentiation efficiency in the subsequent step. This time toaggregate formation can be adjusted as appropriate by choosing a toolfor cell aggregation, centrifugal conditions and the like by thoseskilled in the art.

Those skilled in the art are able to evaluate the “homogenous” formationof aggregates of stem cells and the formation of an epithelium-likestructure in each cell type that forms the aggregates, on the basis ofthe size of the aggregate mass and the number of cells therein,macroscopic morphology, microscopic morphology and homogeneity thereofas analyzed by histological staining, the expression of differentiationand un-differentiation markers and homogeneity thereof, the regulationof the expression of differentiation markers and synchronicity thereof,reproducibility of differentiation efficiency among aggregates, and thelike.

Specifically, homogenous aggregates of stem cells can be formed by, forexample, a method comprising culturing embryonic stem cells formaintenance, suspending the dispersion-treated (e.g., trypsin/EDTAtreated) embryonic stem cells in an appropriate medium (changed to thebelow-mentioned medium according to the object tissue or cell), andfloating the cells in 150 μL of the above-described medium at preferably1×10³-5×10⁴ cells, more preferably 3×10³-3×10⁴ cells per well in anon-cell-adhesive U-bottom 96-well culture plate to form an aggregaterapidly.

Other culture conditions in the floating-culture of aggregates such asthe culture temperature, CO₂ concentration and the like can also be setas appropriate and, for example, the same conditions as those describedabove as the culture conditions for aggregate formation and the like canbe mentioned. While the time for this step is not particularly limited,it is generally 48 hours or more.

A medium used for forming aggregates and a medium used forfloating-culturing may be the same or different, and a medium used forforming aggregates may be directly used for floating-culturing.

The medium to be used for aggregate formation/floating-culturing can beprepared using a medium used for culturing animal cells as a basalmedium. The basal medium is not particularly limited as long as it canbe used for culture of animal cells and may be BME medium, BGJb medium,CMRL 1066 medium, Glasgow MEM medium, Improved MEM Zinc Option medium,IMDM medium, Medium 199 medium, Eagle MEM medium, aMEM medium, DMEMmedium, ham medium, RPMI 1640 medium, Fischer's medium, a mixed mediumthereof and the like.

The serum-free medium used for aggregate formation/floating-culturingmeans a medium free of an unadjusted or unpurified serum. In the presentinvention, those mentioned above can be recited.

Generally, serum-free medium is often added with several growth factors(Wnt, TGF, BMP, retinoic acid, FGF, lipid-rich albumin and the like) asan alternative to the serum. However, these growth factors all inhibitthe differentiation of pituitary precursor tissue. In addition, insulinwhich is most frequently added to the serum-free medium stronglyinhibits the differentiation of pituitary precursor tissue. It isconsidered that the inhibition is caused by the activation ofintracellular enzyme (phosphoenzyme) Akt which is a downstream signal ofinsulin (non-patent document 5 and patent document 3)

Therefore, the above-mentioned serum-free medium, particularly a mediumused for floating-culturing (to be also referred to as “differentiationmedium” in the present specification) is preferably a serum-free mediumsubstantially free of growth factors (Nodal signal promoter, Wnt signalpromoter, FGF signal promoter, BMP signal promoter, retinoic acid andthe like, preferably any growth factor not limited thereto) andinsulins.

The above-mentioned serum-free medium can be, for example, onecomprising a serum substitute. The serum substitute can, for example, beone comprising as appropriate an albumin, transferrin, fatty acids,insulin, collagen precursor, trace elements, 2-mercaptoethanol or3′-thiolglycerol, or their equivalents and the like. Such a serumsubstitute can be prepared by, for example, a method described inWO98/30679. To facilitate easier implementation of a method of thepresent invention, commercially available serum substitutes can beutilized. Examples of such commercially available serum substitutesinclude Knockout Serum Replacement (KSR), Chemically-defined LipidConcentrated (produced by Gibco Company) and Glutamax (produced by GibcoCompany).

When these serum substitutes comprise growth factors and insulins,inhibitors against the growth factors and insulins are preferably addedto the medium as described below. However, it is preferable to not use aserum substitute comprising growth factors and insulins. The serumsubstitute is preferably a chemically-defined product evidently free ofgrowth factors and insulins.

However, in the case of pluripotent stem cells of primates includinghumans, floating-culture without insulins may lead to low viability, asdescribed below. In such case, addition of insulins to the medium isalso preferable.

In addition, the serum-free medium used in the method of the presentinvention can comprise fatty acids or lipids, amino acids (e.g.,non-essential amino acids), vitamins, growth factors, anti-oxidants,2-mercaptoethanol, pyruvic acid, buffering agents, inorganic salts andthe like as necessary. However, it is most preferable to not comprisegrowth factors, as mentioned above.

The “serum-free medium that substantially does not comprise growthfactors and insulins” refers to a serum-free medium that does not at allcomprise growth factors and insulins, or a serum-free medium thatcomprises growth factors and/or insulins in an amount that does notadversely influence the selective differentiation of pituitary precursortissue and pituitary hormone-producing cells. Such a serum-free mediumcan be prepared by, for example, non-addition of growth factors andinsulins as medium components, or by a treatment to remove these factorsfrom the medium comprising these factors which are growth factors andinsulins.

Alternatively, the serum-free medium that substantially does notcomprise growth factors and insulins can be a serum-free medium whereinthe growth factors and insulins have been substantially inactivated;this medium refers to a serum-free medium wherein by adding a growthfactor signal inhibitor and/or an insulin signal inhibitor to aserum-free medium comprising growth factor and insulin, the activitiesof the growth factors and insulins have been lost to an extent that doesnot adversely influence the selective differentiation of pituitaryprecursor tissue and pituitary hormone-producing cells.

Referring to “a medium that substantially free of growth factors” asmentioned herein, “a growth factor” means an optionally chosen factorthat is generally added as a serum substitute in cell culture using aserum-free medium, and that has the action of inhibiting/suppressing theselective differentiation of pituitary precursor tissue and pituitaryhormone-producing cells from an ES cell. Examples of the “growthfactors” include, but are not limited to, Nodal signal promoters, Wntsignal promoters, FGF signal promoters, BMP signal promoters, retinoicacid and the like. “A medium that substantially does not comprise agrowth factor” is preferably a medium that substantially does notcomprise all of Nodal signal promoters, Wnt signal promoters, FGF signalpromoters, BMP signal promoters and retinoic acid. Lipid-rich albumin isalso included in “growth factor”, the medium used in the presentinvention is preferably a medium that does not comprise lipid-richalbumin.

As used herein, the “insulins” means a compound that promotes insulinsignals. An insulin signal promoter is not particularly limited, as faras it acts to promote the transduction of signals of insulin, and thepromoter may act on any stage of the insulin signaling pathway (factorsthat act on the upstream or downstream of insulin, insulin agonists,similar substances and the like).

Insulins include insulin and insulin analogues. Insulin analogues refersto an optionally chosen substance having an insulin-like action (herein,refers to an action to inhibit/suppress the selective differentiationinto pituitary precursor tissue and pituitary hormone-producing cells,from pluripotent stem cells); examples include IGF-I and the like.

For the treatment to remove growth factors and insulins from the mediumcomprising the growth factors and insulins to obtain the above-describedserum-free medium, for example, antibodies against the above-describedgrowth factors (e.g., Nodal signal promoters, Wnt signal promoters, FGFsignal promoters, BMP signal promoters, retinoic acid, lipid-richalbumin and the like) and insulins can be used. Inactivation of growthfactors and insulins can be performed by the addition of growth factorsignal inhibitor and insulin signal inhibitor.

These inhibitors can be optionally chosen substances that inhibit theupstream or downstream of the signal transduction pathway by the growthfactors or insulins; examples include antibodies against growthfactors/insulins, soluble receptors of growth factors/insulins,antibodies against growth factor/insulin receptors, growthfactors/insulins antagonists and the like. These substances are added tothe medium in amounts suitable for obtaining the desired effect(selective differentiation into pituitary precursor tissue and pituitaryhormone-producing cells).

However, as mentioned above, the above-mentioned serum-free medium maycomprise an exogenous signal promoter of BMP2 and/or BMP4 (e.g., BMP2and/or BMP4), at a concentration not causing suppression of neuraldifferentiation, so that simultaneous differentiation into both acentral nervous tissue and a non-neural head ectodermal tissue,particularly both a rostral hypothalamus tissue and a rostral headectodermal tissue which is a sheet-like continuous epithelium can beinduced. When BMP2 and/or BMP4 are/is added, it is preferably added to aconcentration of 0.01-10 nM so that neural differentiation will not beeasily suppressed.

While substances usable for the removal treatment of growthfactors/insulins specifically recited above are explained in thefollowing, it is needless to say that selection of substances usable forthe removal treatment of other growth factors/insulins, adjustment ofthe amount of use thereof and the like are within the range of generaltechniques of those of ordinary skill in the art.

The Nodal signal inhibitor is not particularly limited, as far as it iscapable of suppressing the signal transduction mediated by Nodal. Nodalsignal inhibitors include, for example, SB431542 (Sigma), Lefty-A,Lefty-B, Lefty-1, Lefty-2, soluble Nodal receptors, Nodal antibodies,and Nodal receptor inhibitors; in particular, SB431542 (4-(5-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-benzamide) is preferable.

The Wnt signal inhibitor is not particularly limited, as far as it iscapable of suppressing the signal transduction mediated by Wnt. Wntsignal inhibitors include, for example, Dkk1, Cerberus protein, Wntreceptor inhibitors, soluble Wnt receptors, Wnt antibodies, caseinkinase inhibitors, and dominant negative Wnt protein; in particular,Dkk1 is preferable.

The FGF signal inhibitor is not particularly limited, as far as it iscapable of suppressing the signal transduction mediated by FGF. FGFsignal inhibitors include, for example, anti-FGF antibodies, soluble FGFreceptors, and FGF receptor inhibitors (e.g., Su5402).

The BMP signal inhibitor is not particularly limited, as far as it iscapable of suppressing the signal transduction mediated by BMP. BMPsignal inhibitors include, for example, BMPRFc (R&D), anti-BMPantibodies, soluble BMP receptors, and BMP receptor inhibitors; inparticular, BMPRFc is preferable.

The retinoic acid (RA) inhibitor is not particularly limited, as far asit is capable of suppressing the signal transduction mediated by RA. RAinhibitors include, for example, anti-RA antibodies, soluble RAreceptors, and RA receptor inhibitors.

The concentration of each of the above-described signal inhibitors usedfor floating-culturing can be a concentration that allows selectivedifferentiation into hypothalamic neuron progenitor cells to beachieved. For example, for SB431542, the concentration is about 0.1 to100 nM, preferably about 5 to nM. For Dkk1, the concentration is about10 to 1000 ng/ml, preferably about 100 to 1000 ng/ml. For BMPRFc, theconcentration is about 0.1 to 10 μg/ml, preferably about 0.5 to 3 μg/ml.

Each of the signal inhibitors described above is most preferably addedto the medium already at the start of culturing the pluripotent stemcells.

The intracellular signaling of insulin is involved by roughly twopathways (MAPK pathway and PI3K-Akt pathway); insulin signal inhibitorsthat can be used in the floating-culture of the present inventioninclude inhibitors of PI3K, which is a downstream factor in the insulinsignaling pathway, and inhibitors of Akt, which is a further downstreamfactor. PI3K inhibitors that can be used in the present inventioninclude LY294002 (2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-1 (4H)-benzopyran-4-onehydrochloride) (Cayman Chemical), Wortmannin (FERMENTEK) and the like;LY294002 is preferable. Akt inhibitors that can be used in the presentinvention include Akt inhibitors I to X (Calbiochem) and the like; Aktinhibitor VIII (1,3-Dihydro-1-(1-((4-(6-phenyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-g]quinoxalin-7-yl)phenyl)methyl)-4-piperidinyl)-2H-benzimidazol-2-one) ispreferable.

As far as insulin signals are inhibited, and the selectivedifferentiation of pituitary precursor tissue or pituitaryhormone-producing cells is achieved, in the floating-culture, any oneinhibitor selected from among the above-described PI3K inhibitors andAkt inhibitors may be used alone, or a PI3K inhibitor and an Aktinhibitor may be used in combination. Two kinds or more can be selectedfrom among the respective inhibitors and used in combination.

The concentration of the PI3K inhibitor/Akt inhibitor used in thefloating-culture can be a concentration that allows the selectivedifferentiation into pituitary precursor tissue or pituitaryhormone-producing cells to be achieved. For example, for LY294002, theconcentration is about 0.5 to 30 μM, preferably about 2 to 10 μM. ForAkt inhibitor VIII, the concentration is about 0.1 to 10 μM, preferablyabout 0.5 to 5 μM.

The differentiation medium used in a preferred embodiment of the presentinvention is a chemically defined medium that comprises neither theabove-described growth factors nor insulin (growth factor-free CDM;referred to as gfCDM). Specifically, as the differentiation medium,Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium (IMDM)/Hams F12 1:1 (Invitrogen)added with 1×chemically-defined lipid concentrate (Invitrogen),monothioglycerol (450 μM; Sigma) and bovine serum albumin(recrystallization purified product with >99% purity; Sigma) is used(Wataya et al., PNAS. 105(33), 11796-11801). This gfCDM medium is amodification of a previously reported CDM medium (Mol. Cell. Biol.15:141-151 (1995)).

To suppress the action of endogenous growth factors/insulins, a growthfactor inhibitor/insulin inhibitor may be further added to the gfCDMmedium or another medium.

In another preferred embodiment, the differentiation medium used thepresent invention is a serum-free medium that comprises at least oneinhibitor selected from the group consisting of PI3K inhibitors and Aktinhibitors and insulins, and that substantially does not comprise theabove-described growth factors other than insulin. For example,particularly, when floating-culture is performed using an insulin-freemedium in differentiation induction of primate pluripotent stem cells,there are some cases in which the cells die and are unlikely toproliferate. To avoid such cell death, it is preferable that insulin beadded to facilitate cell proliferation, and an insulin signal inhibitorthat antagonizes the differentiation induction inhibitory effect ofinsulin (e.g., PI3K inhibitor/Akt inhibitor) be added at the same time.In this case, the concentration of the insulin comprised in thedifferentiation medium is a concentration that allows the proliferationof pluripotent stem cells to be promoted. For example, the concentrationis normally about 0.02 to 40 μg/ml, preferably about 0.1 to 10 μg/ml,for insulin. The ranges of concentrations of the PI3K inhibitor and theAkt inhibitor are as described above.

Although the PI3K inhibitor/Akt inhibitor is added to the medium mostpreferably already at the start of culturing the pluripotent stem cells,the inhibitor should be added to the differentiation medium at a time atleast until day 6 of cultivation (preferably at least until day 2 ofcultivation) for the differentiation of rodent (e.g., mouse) pluripotentcells, and at a time at least until day 24 of cultivation (preferablyadded at least until day 9 of cultivation) for the differentiation ofprimate (e.g., human) pluripotent cells.

To suppress cell death during dispersion floating-culture, it ispreferable that in addition to the addition of insulin, a ROCK inhibitor(Y-27632((+)-(R)-trans-4-(1-aminoethyl)-N-(4-pyridyl)cyclohexanecarboxamidedihydrochloride); Watanabe et al., Nature Biotechnology, 25, 681-686,2007) be added from the start of cultivation. The concentration of theROCK inhibitor used for floating-culturing is a concentration thatallows cell death during dispersion floating-culture to be suppressed.For example, for Y-27632, this concentration is normally about 0.1 to200 μM, preferably about 2 to 50 μM.

(4) Induction of Further Differentiation

In the present invention, since aggregates are formed under theconditions of high cell concentration of pluripotent stem cells asmentioned above, expression of endogenous growth factors increases inthe aggregate of stem cells, and simultaneous differentiation into arostral hypothalamus tissue and a rostral head ectodermal tissue whichis a sheet-like continuous epithelium is induced. In such aggregates, topromote differentiation induction into Lim3-positive cells, to promotedifferentiation induction into Rathke's pouch-like tissue (pituitaryprecursor tissue), or to further differentiate the obtained pituitaryprecursor tissue into hypophysis hormone-producing cells,floating-culture can be performed using the medium described below.

Schematic drawings of in vivo pituitary development are shown in FIG. 1a, and a schematic drawing of the development of various pituitaryhormone-producing cells is shown in FIG. 3 a.

(A) Differentiation Induction of Lim3-Positive Cells and PituitaryPrecursor Tissues

In the present invention, since aggregates are formed under theconditions of high cell concentration of pluripotent stem cells,expression of endogenous growth factors increases in the aggregate ofstem cells, and differentiation into a rostral hypothalamus tissue and arostral head ectodermal tissue which is a sheet-like continuousepithelium is induced in one aggregate. To promote differentiation ofthe cells comprised in the aggregate into Lim3-positive cells, and topromote differentiation into pituitary precursor tissue (Rathke'spouch), a serum-free medium to be used for floating-culturing maycomprise a Shh signal promoter.

The concentration of the Shh signal promoter to be used only needs to bea concentration that can promote differentiation into Lim3-positivecells. Such concentration when using SAG is, for example, generallyabout 10-2000 nM, preferably about 50-1000 nM, most preferably about100-400 nM, in a serum-free medium (preferably gfCDM).

The timing of adding a Shh signal promoter to a serum-free medium is notparticularly limited so long as it can promote the induction of Lim3positive cells in aggregates, and it may not be added to the medium whenfloating-culturing is started. However, as the time up to the additionof Shh signal promoter becomes longer, the expression level of Lim3 mRNAinduced in the aggregates decreases (see FIG. 1i ), and therefore, it ispreferable to add the Shh signal promoter from the start of thefloating-culture. For example, a Shh signal promoter is preferably addedto a medium at the time of the start of floating-culture to three daysafter floating-culture, more preferably at the time of the start offloating-culture to two days after floating-culture, still morepreferably at the time of the start of floating-culture to one day afterfloating-culture, most preferably at the time of the start offloating-culture.

While the period of floating-culture in a serum-free medium comprising aShh signal promoter is not particularly limited as long as it issufficient for inducing Lim3-positive cells, for example, it isgenerally about 7-14 days for mouse aggregates and generally about 10-30days for human aggregates.

The concentration of Shh signal promoter in the medium may be changed asnecessary during the culture. For example, aggregates may be subjectedto the floating-culture in a serum-free medium comprising a Shh signalpromoter, until Lim3-positive cells are induced in the aggregates, andonce the Lim3-positive cells are induced, the floating-culture can becontinued in a serum-free medium free of a Shh signal promoter. In oneembodiment, when SAG is used, differentiation induction of pituitaryprecursor tissues can be promoted by using a medium comprising SAG at aconcentration of 100 nM to 400 nM from the start of the floating-cultureup to the induction of the Lim3-positive cells (e.g., up to day 10 ofculture), and thereafter using a medium free of SAG. In one embodiment,when differentiation of pituitary precursor tissues into variouspituitary hormone-producing cells is induced, a medium comprising 400 nMSAG is used from the start of the floating-culture to day 7 of culture,thereafter a medium comprising 100 nM SAG is used up to day 10 ofculture and thereafter a medium free of SAG can be used, and in anotherembodiment, a medium comprising 400 nM SAG is used from the start of thefloating-culture to day 10 of culture, and thereafter, half of themedium is exchanged and culture may be continued up to day 8. As long asdifferentiation induction into pituitary precursor tissue is promoted,the conditions are not limited to these. After the induction ofLim3-positive cells, the floating-culture may be continued in aserum-free medium comprising a Shh signal promoter to inducedifferentiation into pituitary hormone-producing cells. Preferably, theaggregate is subjected to floating-culture in a serum-free mediumcomprising a Shh signal promoter until Lim3-positive cells are inducedin the aggregate, and once the Lim3-positive cells are induced, thefloating-culture is continued in a serum-free medium free of a Shhsignal promoter, whereby the Lim3-positive cells in the aggregate form aLim3-positive epithelial pouch vesicle (i.e., pituitary precursortissue).

In one embodiment, aggregates of stem cells comprising 8×10³-1.5×10⁴stem cells per one aggregate (in the case of mouse stem cells) oraggregates of stem cells comprising 9×10³-3×10⁴ stem cells per oneaggregate (in the case of human stem cells) are formed in a serum-freemedium, and the formed aggregates are subjected to floating-culture in aserum-free medium comprising a Shh signal promoter, whereby aggregatescomprising both a hypothalamus tissue and a non-neural head ectoderm areformed. Lim3-positive cells are induced in the aggregates, as a resultof which, aggregates comprising both a hypothalamus tissue and anon-neural head ectoderm, and Lim3-positive cells can be obtained.

In one embodiment, an aggregate comprising both a hypothalamus tissueand a non-neural head ectoderm (preferably, further comprisingLim3-positive cells) is further subjected to floating-culture in aserum-free medium substantially free of a Shh signal promoter, whereby aLim3-positive epithelial pouch vesicle is formed in the aggregate and ahypophysis precursor tissue can be obtained.

(B) Promotion of Differentiation Induction of Pituitary Precursor Tissue

To promote differentiation induction into pituitary precursor tissue inthe differentiation induction into pituitary precursor tissue, namely,to increase the number of Lim3-positive epithelial pouch vesicles formedin the aggregates or increase the expression level of Lim3 mRNA, amedium comprising an FGF signal promoter can also be used afterfloating-culture in the above-mentioned serum-free medium comprising aShh signal promoter.

The FGF signal promoter is not particularly limited as long as it canenhance signaling mediated by FGF. Preferable examples of the FGF signalpromoter include FGFs (e.g., FGF1-23), FGF agonist, and FGF receptoragonist peptide. Preferable FGF signal promoter is FGF8 and/or FGF10.

While the concentration of the FGF signal promoter to be used only needsto be a concentration that can increase the number of lim3 expressingcells formed or can increase the expression level of Lim3 mRNA. In thecase of FGF8 or FGF10, such concentration is, for example, about 2-1000ng/ml, preferably about 20-400 ng/ml, most preferably about 200 ng/ml,in a serum-free medium, preferably gfCDM.

While the FGF signal promoter may be added to the medium at any timepoint of floating-culture of aggregates, it is preferably added to theabove-mentioned medium free of a Shh signal promoter, which is usedafter the culture in a serum-free medium comprising a Shh signalpromoter. For example, aggregates may be subjected to floating-culturein a serum-free medium comprising a Shh signal promoter, untilLim3-positive cells are induced in the aggregates, and once theLim3-positive cells are induced, the floating-culture can be continuedin a serum-free medium free of a Shh signal promoter and comprising aFGF signal promoter (preferably FGF8 or FGF10). In one embodiment, aSAG-comprising medium (e.g., medium comprising 100 nM to 400 nM SAG) isused from the start of the floating-culture until induction ofLim3-positive cells (e.g., up to day of culture), thereafter a mediumfree of SAG and comprising a FGF signal promoter (preferably FGF8 orFGF10) is used. In this case, the FGF signal promoter (preferably FGF8or FGF10) may be added to the medium at any time point after inductionof Lim3-positive cells (e.g., day 10 of culture and thereafter), the FGFsignal promoter (preferably FGF8 or FGF10) is maintained in theabove-mentioned concentration range preferably for 3 days preferably inday 10 of culture—day 18 of culture, more preferably day 10 ofculture—day 13 of culture.

(C) Differentiation Induction into ACTH-Producing Cells

To induce differentiation of the formed pituitary precursor tissue intoACTH-producing cells after formation of pituitary precursor tissue, thepituitary precursor tissue can be further subjected to floating-culturein a serum-free medium comprising a Notch signal inhibitor. The“ACTH-producing cells” used in the present specification refers topituitary ACTH-producing cells, and does not include ACTH⁺ neuron.

The Notch signal inhibitor is not particularly limited, as far as it iscapable of suppressing the signal transduction mediated by Notch. Notchsignal inhibitors include, for example, DAPT, DBZ, MDL28170 and thelike; in particular, DAPT is preferable.

The concentration of the Notch signal inhibitor to be used may be aconcentration that can achieve differentiation induction intoACTH-producing cells. In the case of DAPT, such concentration is, forexample, about 0.1-1000 μM, preferably about 0.5-500 μM, more preferablyabout 1-100 μM, most preferably about 10 μM, in a serum-free medium,preferably gfCDM medium.

A serum-free medium comprising a Notch signal inhibitor is used afterthe formation of pituitary precursor tissue by the above-mentionedfloating-culture. Such medium may be used at any time point afterformation of the pituitary precursor tissue. A serum-free mediumcomprising a Notch signal promoter preferably does not comprise a Shhsignal promoter. For example, as mentioned above, when a SAG-comprisingmedium is used from the start of the culture until formation ofLim3-positive, epithelial pouch vesicles (e.g., up to day 10 of culture)(e.g., a medium comprising 400 nM SAG from the start of the culture today 7, and a medium comprising 100 nM SAG for day 7-day 10), andthereafter a medium free of SAG is used, a Notch signal inhibitor (e.g.,DAPT) may be added at any time point after formation of Lim3-positiveepithelial pouch vesicles in aggregates (i.e., after formation ofpituitary precursor tissue). Preferably, pituitary precursor tissue issubjected to floating-culture in a serum-free medium (preferably gfCDMmedium) comprising a Notch signal inhibitor (e.g., DAPT) in theabove-mentioned concentration range, for about 3 days, preferably about1 day, in day 10 of floating-culture—day 30 of culture, more preferablyday 14 of culture-day 22 of culture, still more preferably day 18 ofculture-day 22 of culture, most preferably days 18-19 of culture or days20-21 of culture. In one embodiment, after culture in a SAG-comprisingmedium and on day 18 of culture, 10 μm DAPT is added to the medium andhalf of the medium is exchanged on day 19 and culture is performed for 1day.

(D) Differentiation Induction into Pituitary Hormone-Producing CellsOther than ACTH-Producing Cells

To induce differentiation of the formed pituitary s precursor tissueinto pituitary hormone-producing cells other than ACTH-producing cells(GH-producing cells, PRL-producing cells, LH-producing cells,FSH-producing cells and TSH-producing cells), the pituitary precursortissue can be further subjected to floating-culture in the followingmedium after formation of the pituitary precursor tissue.

(i) Differentiation Induction into GH-Producing Cells

For differentiation induction into GH-producing cells, a serum-freemedium comprising glucocorticoids can be used. Examples of theglucocorticoids include hydrocortisone (also called cortisol),corticosterone, synthetic compounds having the same biological activityas theirs (dexamethasone and the like) and the like. To enhance theefficiency of differentiation induction into GH-producing cells, theserum-free medium preferably further comprises insulins. As examples ofinsulins, those recited in the present specification and the like can bementioned.

For example, the medium that can be used for inducing differentiationinto GH-producing cells in the present invention is a serum-free medium,preferably gfCDM medium, comprising about 2-about 2000 ng/ml, preferablyabout 20-1000 ng/ml, most preferably about 200 ng/ml, of hydrocortisone,or about 0.1-about 100 ng/ml, preferably about 1-50 ng/ml, mostpreferably 10 ng/ml, of dexamethasone, and about 0.2-30 nM, preferablyabout 0.5-10 nM, most preferably about 1 nM, of insulins.

The above-mentioned medium is preferably used after a treatment with aShh signal inhibitor. For example, when a SAG-comprising medium is usedfrom the start of the culture to formation of Lim3-positive, epithelialpouch vesicles (e.g., up to day 10 of culture) (e.g., a mediumcomprising 400 nM SAG from the start of the culture to day 7, and amedium comprising 100 nM SAG for days 7-10), and thereafter a mediumfree of SAG is used, glucocorticoid and insulins may be added at anytime point after formation of Lim3-positive epithelial pouch vesicles inthe aggregates (i.e., after formation of pituitary precursor tissue).Preferably, the pituitary precursor tissue is subjected tofloating-culture in a serum-free medium comprising glucocorticoid andinsulins for days 10-40 from the start of floating-culture, preferablydays 15-35 from the start of floating-culture, preferably days 20-33from the start of floating-culture, most preferably days 20-30 from thestart of floating-culture.

(ii) Differentiation Induction into PRL-Producing Cells

For differentiation induction into PRL-producing cells, a serum-freemedium comprising an estrogen can be used. Examples of the estrogeninclude estradiol, estrone, estriol, estetrol, synthetic compoundshaving the same biological activity as theirs and the like. To enhancethe efficiency of differentiation induction into PRL-producing cells,the serum-free medium preferably further comprises insulins. As examplesof insulins, those recited in the present specification and the like canbe mentioned.

For example, the medium that can be used for inducing differentiationinto PRL-producing cells in the present invention is a serum-freemedium, preferably gfCDM medium, comprising about 5-about 500 ng/ml,preferably about 10-200 ng/ml, most preferably about 50 ng/ml, ofestradiol, and about 0.2-30 nM, preferably about 0.5-10 nM, mostpreferably about 1 nM, of insulins.

The above-mentioned medium is preferably used after a treatment with aShh signal inhibitor. For example, when a SAG-comprising medium is usedfrom the start of the culture to formation of Lim3-positive, epithelialpouch vesicles (e.g., up to day 10 of culture) (e.g., a mediumcomprising 400 nM SAG from the start of the culture to day 7, and amedium comprising 100 nM SAG for days 7-10), and thereafter a mediumfree of SAG is used, estradiol and insulins may be added at any timepoint after formation of Lim3-positive epithelial pouch vesicles in theaggregates (i.e., after formation of pituitary precursor tissue).Preferably, the pituitary precursor tissue is subjected tofloating-culture in a serum-free medium comprising estradiol andinsulins for days 10-40 from the start of floating-culture, preferablydays 14-34 from the start of culture, preferably days 20-33 from thestart of floating-culture, most preferably days 20-30 from the start offloating-culture.

(iii) Differentiation Induction into LH-Producing Cells, FSH-ProducingCells and TSH-Producing Cells

For example, differentiation into LH-producing cells, FSH-producingcells and TSH-producing cells can be induced by floating-culture of thepituitary precursor tissue in a serum-free medium comprising a culturesupernatant obtained by cultivating stromal cells in a serum-free medium(preferably gfCDM) (conditioned medium of stromal cells) (for 4-10days).

Here, the “conditioned medium of stromal cells” refers to a mediumcomprising a stromal cell-derived soluble factor, which can be preparedby recovering the supernatant of a medium after culture of stromalcells.

Examples of the stromal cells include PA6 cells, MEF cells, OP9 cellsand the like, with particular preference given to PA6 cells.

The above-mentioned serum-free medium is preferably used after thetreatment with a Shh signal inhibitor. For example, when aSAG-comprising medium is used from the start of the culture to formationof Lim3-positive, epithelial pouch vesicles (e.g., up to day 10 ofculture) (e.g., a medium comprising 400 nM SAG from the start of theculture to day 7, and a medium comprising 100 nM SAG for days 7-10), andthereafter a medium free of SAG is used, an conditioned medium ofstromal cells may be added at any time point after formation ofLim3-positive epithelial pouch vesicles in the aggregates (i.e., afterformation of pituitary precursor tissue). Preferably, the pituitaryprecursor tissue is subjected to floating-culture in a serum-free mediumcomprising an acclimation medium of stromal cells for days 10-30 fromthe start of culture, preferably days 10-20 from the start of culture,most preferably days 10-15 from the start of culture.

When differentiation into cells, which are differentiated viaPitx1-positive intermediate progenitor cells (i.e., GH-producing cells,PRL-producing cells and TSH-producing cells), is induced from among thepituitary hormone-producing cells of the above-mentioned (i)-(iii), theratio of each hormone-producing cell can be further increased by using aserum-free medium comprising each component to be added fordifferentiation induction and further comprising a Wnt signal promoter(see FIG. 3a ). For example, under the above-mentioned cultureconditions, a medium comprising a Wnt signal promoter can be usedpreferably for at least 2 days during days 10-30 from the start ofculture, preferably days 12-24 from the start of culture, mostpreferably days 16-18 from the start of culture. When differentiationinto GH-producing cells or PRL-producing cells is induced, a Wnt signalpromoter may be added to a serum-free medium before or simultaneouslywith the addition of glucocorticoid or estrogen (and insulin asnecessary). It is preferably added to a serum-free medium before theaddition of glucocorticoid or estrogen (and insulin as necessary).

The Wnt signal promoter is not particularly limited, as far as it iscapable of enhancing the signaling mediated by Wnt. Wnt signal promotersinclude, for example, proteins belonging to the Wnt family (e.g.,Wnt1-16), GSK3β inhibitors, Wnt receptors, the Li⁺ ion and the like; inparticular, GSK3β inhibitors are preferable.

Examples of the GSK3β inhibitor include, but are not limited to, GSK-3βInhibitors I, VI, VII, VIII, XI, XII, CHIR 99021, Valproic Acid, TDZD-8,SB-216763, BIO (6-bromoindirubin-3′-oxime) and the like.

The concentration of Wnt signal promoter is not limited as long as itcan increase the ratio of pituitary hormone-producing cells as comparedto that without a Wnt signal promoter. For example, when BIO is used,the concentration thereof is generally about 20-2000 nM, preferablyabout 50-500 nM, most preferably about 250 nM.

In one embodiment, a serum-free medium comprising 250 nM BIO is usedfrom day 16 from the start of the culture, half of the medium isexchanged on day 18, and the culture is performed for 2 days.

(5) Promotion of Pituitary Hormone Secretion

Each pituitary hormone-producing cell obtained by the method describedabove is treated with a substance that promotes the production andsecretion of each pituitary hormone, whereby the production andsecretion of pituitary hormones can be stimulated. The substance thatpromotes the production and secretion of each hypophysis hormone (alsoreferred to as hormone secretagogue) may be a substance that directlyacts on each pituitary hormone-producing cell or a substance that actsindirectly in vivo, for example, after transplantation and the like.

Specifically, production and secretion of ACTH is promoted by CRH andthe like, production and secretion of GH is promoted by GHRH and thelike, production and secretion of TSH is promoted by TRH and the like,production and secretion of PRL is promoted by PRF (specific examplesare mentioned above), TRH and the like, and production and secretion ofFSH and LH is promoted by GnRH and the like. These promoting substancesto be used may be isolated from natural sources, or may be synthesizedby recombination and the like.

The culture conditions for secreting pituitary hormone from pituitaryhormone-producing cells can be appropriately set as long as they do notadversely affect the survival and proliferation of pituitaryhormone-producing cells, and promote production and secretion ofpituitary hormones. For example, eight aggregates comprising thepituitary hormone-producing cells are placed in 500 μl of HBSS solutionand, after pre-incubation for 10 min, each stimulator at an appropriatefinal concentration is added at 37° C., and the cells are incubated for10 min more at 37° C.

When the differentiated ACTH-producing cells are stimulated with CRH,the production and secretion of ACTH is generally induced markedly byusing not less than about 10 ng/ml of CRH. CRH is preferably used at aconcentration of about 10-10000 ng/ml, more preferably about 100-10000ng/ml, more preferably about 1000-10000 ng/ml.

When the production and secretion of GH is stimulated with GHRH, apreferable concentration range is 100 nM-500 nM, when the production andsecretion of TSH is stimulated with TRH, a preferable concentrationrange is 1 nM-5 nM, when the production and secretion of PRL isstimulated with PRF (e.g., prolactin release peptide mentioned above), apreferable concentration range is 2 nM-10 nM, when the production andsecretion of FSH is stimulated with GnRH, a preferable concentrationrange is 1 nM-20 nM, and when the production and secretion of LH isstimulated with GnRH, a preferable concentration range is 1 nM-20 nM.

Pituitary hormones produced from pituitary hormone-producing cells canbe isolated and purified from the culture. Pituitary hormones can beisolated and purified from, for example, a culture supernatant by amethod known per se for the isolation and purification of peptide andprotein (known methods such as gel filtration and ion exchangechromatography)

(6) Cell Culture Products and Use as Pharmaceuticals

The present invention also provides a cell culture product obtained by amethod of the present invention. The cell culture product of the presentinvention can be, for example, a floating aggregate comprising stemcells or cells differentiated from the stem cells, cells prepared bydispersion-treating (e.g., trypsin/EDTA treatment) the floatingaggregate, cells obtained by culturing the dispersion-treated cells andthe like. The present invention also provides the pituitary precursortissue or the pituitary hormone-producing cells isolated and purifiedfrom the cell culture product to an extent that allows the tissue orcells to be administered to a subject.

“A culture product” refers to a resulting product obtained by culturingcells, and include cells, medium, and, in some cases, componentssecreted from cells and the like. “Isolation” means removing componentsother than the desired tissues or cells (cells, proteins, medium and thelike).

The pituitary precursor tissue or pituitary hormone-producing cellsobtained by the method of the present invention can be used as atherapeutic drug for the following diseases, for supplementing pituitarytissue or pituitary hormone-producing cells when the pituitary tissue orcells are damaged due to other causes, and the like.

Alternatively, pituitary hormone produced by the pituitaryhormone-producing cells obtained by the method of the present inventioncan be used as a therapeutic drug for the following diseases, forsupplementing an appropriate pituitary hormone in deficiency ofpituitary hormone secretion caused by damage to any pituitary tissue orrespective pituitary hormone-producing cells (hormone replacementtherapy) and the like.

Examples of the diseases treatable by the pituitary precursor tissue orpituitary hormone-producing cells obtained by the method of the presentinvention include hypoadrenocorticism, growth hormone deficiencydwarfism, adult-onset GH deficiency, pituitary dwarfism, cretinism,infertility, panhypopituitarism (including empty sella syndrome,pituitary apoplexy, postoperative pituitary damage), partialhypopituitarism, isolated anterior pituitaryhormone deficiency(specifically, isolated ACTH deficiency, isolated growth hormonedeficiency, isolated TSH deficiency, isolated prolactin deficiency,isolated gonadotropic hormone deficiency) and the like.

When pituitary precursor tissue or pituitary hormone-producing cellsobtained by the method of the present invention is used as a therapeuticdrug for the diseases based on the disorders of pituitary tissue orpituitary hormone-producing cells, it is preferable that the cells betransplanted to the subject after increasing the purity of the pituitaryprecursor tissue or pituitary hormone-producing cells.

Any method of increasing cell purity can be used, as far as it is amethod of cell separation and purification in public knowledge; suchmethods include, for example, a method using a flow cytometer (see, forexample, Antibodies-A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory(1988), Monoclonal Antibodies: principles and practice, Third Edition,Acad. Press (1993), Int. Immunol., 10, 275 (1998)), the panning method(see, for example, Monoclonal Antibodies: principles and practice, ThirdEdition, Acad. Press (1993), Antibody Engineering, A Practical Approach,IRL Press at Oxford University Press (1996), J. Immunol., 141, 2797(1988)), and cell fractionation based on differences of sucrose density(see, for example, Soshiki Baiyou no Gijyutsu (3rd edition)).

The method for increasing purity of cells of the present inventioncomprises a step for culturing pituitary precursor tissue or pituitaryhormone-producing cells obtained by inducing the differentiation of theabove-described stem cells, in a medium comprising an anticancer agent.Thereby, undifferentiated cells can be removed, making it possible toobtain differentiated cells of higher purity, which are more suitablefor pharmaceutical use. Hence, by a treatment with an anticancer agent,cells other than desired differentiated cells, for example,undifferentiated cells, can be removed.

Here, the anticancer agent is exemplified by mitomycin C,5-fluorouracil, Adriamycin, Ara-C, methotrexate and the like. Theseanticancer agents are preferably used at concentrations that are morecytotoxic to undifferentiated cells than to induced differentiatedcells. Specifically, cultivation with these anticancer agents may beperformed in accordance with the above-described procedures ofcultivation to determine optimum concentrations; for example, a method,wherein cells are cultured in a CO₂ incubator aerated with 5% carbondioxide at 37° C. for several hours, preferably for 2 hours, using amedium comprising these anticancer agents at concentrationsone-hundredth to one time the concentrations for live bodies specifiedin the Japanese Pharmacopoeia, is mentioned.

Any medium that allows cultivation of the differentiation-inducedpituitary precursor tissue or pituitary hormone-producing cells can beused here. Specifically, the aforementioned media and the like can bementioned.

In transplantation therapy, graft rejection due to the difference in thehistocompatibility antigen is often problematic, which problem, however,can be solved by using a stem cell having the nucleus of a somatic celltransplanted thereto, or a stem cell having a modified gene on thechromosome thereof.

By inducing differentiation using a stem cell having the nucleus of asomatic cell transplanted thereto, pituitary precursor tissue orpituitary hormone-producing cells of the individual which is the donorof the somatic cell can be obtained. Tissues or cells of such anindividual are not only effective in transplantation therapy as theyare, but also useful as a diagnostic material for determining whether ornot an existing drug is effective on the individual. Furthermore, byculturing the induced differentiated tissues or cells for a long period,it is possible to determine their susceptibility to oxidative stress andsenescence; by comparing their functions or life spans with those ofcells from other individuals, it is possible to evaluate the individualrisks of contracting the above-mentioned diseases; these evaluation dataare useful in providing an effective prophylactic method for diseasesdiagnosed as developing at high incidences in the future.

A subject to be transplanted with the pituitary precursor tissue orpituitary hormone-producing cells is a warm-blooded animal, preferably amammal, more preferably an animal of the same species as the animal fromwhich the original stem cells derive. Examples of the mammal includerodents such as mouse, rat, hamster, guinea pig and the like, experimentanimals such as rabbit and the like, domestic animals such as swine,bovine, goat, horse, sheep and the like, pets such as dog, cat and thelike, and primates such as human, monkey, orangutan, chimpanzee and thelike. When the transplantation aims at a treatment of a disease, thesubject is preferably a human patient.

The induced pituitary precursor tissue or pituitary hormone-producingcells differentiated from stem cells by the method of the presentinvention can be transplanted to anterior pituitary or a regioncorresponding thereto by a method known per se

When production and secretion of pituitary hormone is desired, thepituitary precursor tissue or hypophysis hormone-producing cells can betransplanted to any part of the subject as long as the production andsecretion of the hormone can be induced. For example, the pituitaryprecursor tissue or pituitary hormone-producing cells can betransplanted to pituitary of the subject or in the vicinity thereof or,when pituitary has been removed, the site where pituitary should bepresent (i.e., pituitary fossa), or in the vicinity of the target organon which the secreted pituitary hormone acts and the like (e.g., underrenal capsule for ACTH-producing cells, etc.). As shown in the Examples,ACTH-producing cells can fulfill the ACTH-producing function even whentransplanted ectopically.

The production and secretion of pituitary hormone in the subject afterimplantation may be stimulated by administering a hormone secretagogueas described above to the subject, or may be naturally stimulated bysuch endogenous substances. It can be appropriately selected dependingon the object of transplantation and the condition of the subject andthe like.

To be specific, as a method for transplanting pituitaryhormone-producing cells to a subject mouse, a method comprisinginjecting about 1-1000, preferably about 5-500, more preferably about10-50, cell aggregates comprising said cells obtained by thedifferentiation induction method of the present invention under renalcapsule with a Hamilton syringe and the like can be mentioned. Themethod is not limited thereto as long as engraftment of the transplantedcells can be ensured. For transplantation as a pituitary precursortissue (Rathke's pouch-like tissue), a method comprising isolatingRathke's pouch-like tissue from the cell aggregates, and injecting sameunder renal capsule with the Hamilton syringe and the like can bementioned.

When the subject is a human, a method comprising transplanting the cellaggregates to subcutaneous tissues or in the vicinity of pituitary canbe mentioned, though not limited thereto.

The engraftment of the transplanted tissue or cells can be confirmed byhistochemical staining of pituitary hormone produced and secreted by thecells or other appropriate marker gene products with a fluorescenceantibody after a lapse of sufficient time after transplantation (e.g., 7days post-transplantation), and the like.

Alternatively, it can also be confirmed by measuring the production ofother hormone (e.g., glucocorticoid (e.g., corticosterone) for ACTH)showing production and secretion promoted by said pituitary hormone, forexample, blood concentration. Said other hormone and the like whoseproduction and secretion is promoted by pituitary hormone, are asmentioned above.

Particularly, the effect of transplantation of the ACTH-producing cellscan also be evaluated by the improvement of spontaneous locomotoractivity of the recipient. For example, the spontaneously locomotoractivity of mouse is evaluated by the distance of spontaneous movementin a cage per day and spontaneous rotation number of running wheel in acage per day. The distance of movement of mouse in a cage can bemeasured by an analysis system using an IR sensor of MDC-W02(BrainScienceIdea, Osaka) and the like, and the rotation number of therunning wheel can be measured using ENV-044 (MedAssociates, Georgia) andthe like. These measurements are performed as separate experiments bysetting each apparatus in a cage (home cage) where the mouse to bemeasured is ordinarily reared. In this way, the amount of spontaneouslocomotor activity can be measured under a low stress.

The effect of the transplantation of ACTH-producing cells can also beevaluated by the survival rate of the recipients. For example, thesurvival rate after transplantation of ACTH-producing cells can beanalyzed by the Kaplan-Mayer method.

In addition, since the aggregates and pituitary precursor tissueobtained by the method of the present invention well reproduce themicro-environment during pituitary development in vivo, it is alsouseful as a research material relating to the development of pituitary,induction of pituitary hormone-producing cells and the like.

Furthermore, the method of the present invention is extremely usefulsince it can provide a “tissue material” useful in the field ofregenerative medicine, for discovery of the aforementioned medicamentsand the like drug, toxicity test and the like.

(7) Screening Method

The present invention provides screening method of a test substance,comprising using the cell culture product of the present invention orthe culture product of the present invention. Particularly, since theculture product of the present invention constructs a pituitaryprecursor tissue extremely similar to the initial process ofhistogenesis of pituitary precursor tissue in a live body, and comprisescells extremely similar to the pituitary hormone-producing cells in alive body, it can be applied to a screening for therapeutic drugs fordiseases based on disorders of pituitary tissue or various pituitaryhormone-producing cells, screening for therapeutic drugs for cellinjuries due to other causes, or toxicity studies thereof, anddevelopment of a new therapeutic method for diseases of nervous systemsand the like.

Here, “a test substance” is exemplified by substances whose efficacy astherapeutic drugs for the above-mentioned diseases is to be determinedand substances that are therapeutic drugs for other diseases whoseinfluences (e.g., toxicity) on pituitary tissue or various pituitaryhormone-producing cells must be determined. The substance may be any oneof low-molecular compounds, high-molecular compounds, proteins, genes(DNA, RNA and the like), viruses and the like. Such substances can bechosen as appropriate by those skilled in the art.

The present invention is hereinafter described more specifically bymeans of the following Examples, which, however, are for illustrativepurposes only and never limit the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Simultaneous Induction of In-Vitro Differentiationinto Prosencephalon Tissue and Non-Neural Head Ectoderm by Serum-FreeFloating-Culture of ES Cell Aggregates (Method)

Mouse ES cell aggregates were cultured for 7 days by the SFEBq/gfCDMmethod (Wataya et al, 2008, PNAS vol. 105, pp. 11796-11801) which is amethod for selective-differentiation into prosencephalon, particularlyhypothalamus tissue. To be specific, mouse ES cells dispersed intosingle-cells by a trypsin treatment were plated by 3000, 8000, 10000 or15000 cells per a U-bottom well of 96 well plate with a lowcell-adhesive coating to form aggregates. As the medium, a chemicallysynthesized medium gfCDM (Wataya et al, 2008, PNAS vol. 105, pp.11796-11801) was used. Detection was performed using Rx::GFP (GFPknocked into Rx gene locus) as a marker of hypothalamus tissue, andPitx1 antibody as a non-neural head ectoderm marker.

(results)

The ES cell floating aggregates cultured by the SFEBq/gfCDM method for 7days comprised, under all culture conditions, a hypothalamus markerRx::GFP positive, neural marker N-cadherin and Sox1 positivehypothalamus tissue. In a culture forming aggregates of 8000-15000 cellsper well, Pitx1-positive sheet-like continuous epithelial tissues wereformed on the surface layer (further surface layer over Rx::GFPpositive) in not less than 90% of the floating aggregates on day 5 ofculture and thereafter (FIG. 1f ). The aggregation from 3000 cellsresulted in dispersion of a small number of Pitx1 cells, and acontinuous large epithelium was not formed. In qPCR using anothernon-neural head ectoderm marker Pitx2, the aggregate from 10000 cellsinduced 4-fold expression of Pitx2 RNA as compared to the aggregate from3000 cells, and the expression level of BMP2 and BMP4 mRNAs increased toabout 2- to 3-fold (FIG. 6). It was found that the expression of Pitx2increases by not only increasing the number of cells for formingaggregates but also adding BMP4 at a concentration of 0.5 nM to themedium (FIG. 1d ).

Example 2: Serum-Free Floating-Culture of ES Cell Aggregates andInduction of In-Vitro Differentiation into Pituitary Precursor Tissue byHedgehog Signal Treatment

(method)

Aggregates of mouse ES cells were formed from 10000 cells per aggregateby using the SFEBq/gfCDM method (Wataya et al, 2008, PNAS vol. 105, pp.11796-11801), and subjected to the floating-culture as in Example 1.Immediately after the start of the differentiation culture, SAG (Danjoet al, JNS, 2011, vol. 31, pp. 1919-1933), a hedgehog agonist, was addedat 100 or 400 nM, and the aggregates were cultured for a total of 10-13days. Since SAG has a several-fold stronger activity than Shh, iscomparatively cheap and can be used up to a high concentration, it cancause a strong hedgehog signaling activity (Danjo et al, JNS, 2011, vol.31, pp. 1919-1933). The expression of Lim3, a marker of pituitaryprecursor tissue (Rathke's pouch), and the like was confirmed by PCR orcytochemical staining of frozen section by the fluorescence antibodymethod. The expression of Lim3 was also confirmed using Lim3::GFPknocked-in ES cells.

(results)

In the group added with SAG at 100 or 400 nM, marked gene expression ofLim3 (15-fold that of undifferentiated ES cells, 7-fold that of SAGnon-addition group) was confirmed by PCR on day 10 and later (also seeFIGS. 1j, k ). Since this induction of Lim3 was inhibited by SANT-1, anantagonist of hedgehog receptor, the action of SAG was found to be aneffect via hedgehog signal.

The aggregates were further cultivated in gfCDM for 3 days (total 13days). As a result, several (1-7) Lim3-positive epithelial pouchvesicles were formed in the aggregate in the SAG-addition group (FIG. 2a). The manner of formation of pouch vesicles is shown in FIGS. 2d-f(d8-d10). The lim3 positive tissue first emerged as a thickened placodeepithelium, then invaginated, and finally formed a hollow epithelialvesicle. These pouch vesicles were negative for Rx, Sox1 and Nestin andpositive for Pitx1 and Pitx2 (FIGS. 2g-j ), showed the same markerexpressions as those of the pituitary precursor tissue, and began toexpress late Rathke's pouch marker Islet 1/2 in addition to Lim3 by day13 (FIG. 2o ). They had epithelial structures and polaritymorphologically similar to those of the pituitary precursor tissue(FIGS. 2m, n ). Moreover, like the pituitary precursor tissue (Rathke'spouch) in a live body, they were present in the vicinity of Rx-positivehypothalamus tissue, and were formed adjacent to Pitx1-positive andLim3-negative non-neural head ectodermal tissue (FIGS. 2h, k ). Thissuggests that the microenvironment for the development of a pituitaryprecursor tissue in the process of embryogenic development was imitatedin this floating aggregate culture system of ES cells. Such Rathke'spouch-like tissue was scarcely formed in the culture started from anaggregate of 3000 cells.

gfCDM without SAG was used for culture during day 10-13. When FGF8 wasadded at 200 ng/ml during this period, the tissues expressing Lim3increased by 30-50%.

Example 3: Production and DAPT Treatment of ACTH-Producing Cells from ESCell-Derived Pituitary Precursor Tissue

(method)

Using the method of Example 2, mouse ES cells were differentiated intopituitary precursor tissue by a SAG treatment (400 nM for 7 days and 100nM for 3 days, total 10 days). Furthermore, using gfCDM medium, theaggregates were cultured under 40% O₂ and 5% CO₂ for 12 days in total(total 22 days). Moreover, the aggregates were treated with Notch signalinhibitor, 10 μM DAPT, for one day during days 18-19 or days 20-21 ofculture. The expression of Tbx19 and ACTH expressed in ACTH-producingcells was confirmed by cytochemical staining of frozen section by thefluorescence antibody method.

(results)

As a result of analysis by the fluorescence antibody method, theabove-mentioned aggregate with DAPT treatment showed an enhancedexpression of Tbx19 as compared to that without DAPT treatment (FIG. 3b), an increased percentage of ACTH-positive cells (FIG. 3c ), andcomprised assemblies of many Tbx19- and ACTH-highly positive cells (>30cells or more) in plural sites. The aggregate without DAPT treatmentmerely showed a small number of dispersed Tbx19- and ACTH-positivecells. Since the ACTH-positive cells were negative for neural markerssuch as NSE, neurofilament and the like, they were considered other thanbrain ACTH⁺ neuron (FIG. 3f ), and did not express melanin-producingcell lineage marker PC2 (FIG. 3g ). Furthermore, the ACTH⁺ cells wereE-cadherin negative as in vivo (FIG. 3e ).

In vivo, during the pituitary development, Tbx19-negative precursorgenerates a Pitx1-positive intermediate precursor, and this precursor isthereafter differentiated into GH-producing cells, PRL-producing cells,and TSH-producing cells. The expression of Pitx1 was confirmed to findthat the expression did not increase, or rather decreased, by the DAPTtreatment and greatly increased by the BIO treatment. The expression ofPitx1 tended to decrease with Wnt-inhibitor IWP2 treatment (FIG. 3k ).

Example 4: Production of Pituitary Hormone-Producing Cells Other thanACTH-Producing Cells from ES Cell-Derived Pituitary Precursor Tissue

(method)

Mouse ES cells were differentiated into pituitary precursor tissues byan SAG treatment (400 nM for 7 days and 100 nM for 3 days, total 10days) using the method of Example 2. Furthermore, the aggregates werecontinuously floating-cultured under 40% O₂ and 5% CO₂. The medium usedwas gfCDM comprising corticosteroid (200 ng/ml hydrocortisone) and 1 nMinsulin, gfCDM comprising estrogen (50 ng/ml estradiol) and 1 nMinsulin, or culture supernatant (conditioned medium) of mouse feedercell, PA6 cell, in gfCDM.

The expression of growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), luteinizinghormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), andthyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was confirmed by cytochemical stainingof frozen section by the fluorescence antibody method.

(results)

When cultured in gfCDM comprising corticosteroid (200 ng/mlhydrocortisone) and 1 nM insulin for 10 days from day 20 of culture,many GH-positive cells were confirmed in the aggregate (FIGS. 3l, m ).Furthermore, when BIO (250 nM) stimulating Wnt pathway was treated witha GSK3β (inhibitor during days 16-18 of culture, the GH-positive cellsfurther increased by 30-50%. When cultured in gfCDM comprising estrogen(50 ng/ml estradiol) and 1 nM insulin for 10 days from day 20 ofculture, many Prolactin-positive cells were confirmed in the aggregate(FIGS. 3n, o ). When cultured in the culture supernatant of PA6 cell ingfCDM for 15 days from day 10 of culture, many LH-positive cells andFSH-positive cells were confirmed, and a small number of TSH-positivecells were observed (LH-positive cells>FSH-positive cells>TSH-positivecells) (FIGS. 3p-s ).

Example 5: In Vitro ACTH Secretion from ES Cell-Derived ACTH-ProducingCells by CRH (Method)

Mouse ES cells were differentiated into ACTH-producing cells by a SAGtreatment and a DAPT treatment (total 22 days) using the method ofExample 3. The aggregates were treated with CRH (corticotropin releasingfactor) and ACTH secretion was quantified. To be specific, eightaggregates were placed in 500 μl of HBSS solution and, afterpre-incubation at 37° C. for 10 min, CRH was added at a finalconcentration of 10-10000 ng/ml, and the aggregates were incubated for10 min. Then, the culture supernatant was recovered and measured byELISA method (FIG. 4a ).

(Results)

In a group without addition of CRH, the ACTH concentration of theculture supernatant was not more than 0.2 pg/ml; however, 1.4 pg/ml ACTHwas detected in 10 ng/ml CRH group, 4 pg/ml ACTH was detected in 100ng/ml CRH group, and 8.5-9.5 pg/ml ACTH was detected in 1000 and 10000ng/ml CRH groups (FIG. 4c ). On the other hand, the aggregates withoutSAG treatment did not show a significant increase in the ACTH secretioneven when added with 1000 ng/ml CRH, and the aggregates with a SAGtreatment but without a DAPT treatment did not show much increase in theACTH secretion even when added with CRH (FIG. 4d ). The induction ofACTH secretion was CRH-specific, and was not observed even when otherreleasing hormones were added (FIG. 4b ).

Furthermore, when a pre-treatment with hydrocortisone (100 ng/ml), whichis known to suppress ACTH secretion from pituitary gland, was performedfor 60 min, the ACTH secretion promoting effect of CRH was suppressedalmost completely (FIG. 4 e); however, a pre-treatment with estradioldid not affect the ACTH secretion (FIG. 4f ).

Example 6: Secretion of ACTH and Corticotropin from ES Cell-DerivedACTH-Producing Cells by CRH In Vivo (Method)

Mouse ES cells were differentiated into ACTH-producing cells by a SAGtreatment and a DAPT treatment using the method of Example 3, and theobtained cell aggregates were transplanted under renal capsule ofhypophysectomized mice (FIG. 5a , right). Before transplantation, thesemice were confirmed to have lost the ACTH secretion ability (reactivityto CRH) (FIGS. 5b, c ).

To be specific, after culture for 22 days in total, the cell aggregateswere injected under renal capsule of hypophysectomized mice with aHamilton syringe. After 7 days from the transplantation and under a loadof CRH intraperitoneal administration, the plasma was recovered and theACTH and corticotropin (Corticosteron) concentrations were measured byELISA method.

(Results)

The ES cell-derived ACTH-positive cells transplanted under renal capsulewere confirmed to have topically engrafted even 7 days after thetransplantation by histochemical staining by the fluorescence antibodymethod (FIG. 5a , left). In the control group (sham operation), bloodACTH was less than 1 pg/ml and Corticosteron was less than 3 pg/ml evenafter CRH loading. In contrast, in the ES cell-derived ACTH-positivecells transplantation group, ACTH reached the concentration of 25-30pg/ml and Corticosteron reached the concentration of 300 pg/ml after CRHloading (FIG. 5e, f : with CRH loading; FIGS. 5 g, h: without CRHloading).

Example 7: Improvement of Survival and Activity of HypophysectomizedMice by Ectopic Transplantation of ES Cell-Derived ACTH-Positive Cells(Method)

In the same manner as in Example 6, mouse ES cell-derived ACTH-producingcells were transplanted under renal capsule of hypophysectomized mouse(9-week-old). Survival of and an increase in the body weight of thetransplanted mouse were observed and compared with those of the controlgroup (sham operation). The spontaneous movement of the mouse was alsoexamined. As the spontaneous movement of the mouse, how much the mousespontaneously moves in a cage for one day was measured using an IRsensor (MDC-W02 (BrainScienceIdea, Osaka)) In addition, using ENV-044(MedAssociates, Georgia), how many times the mouse spontaneously rotateda running wheel for one day was separately measured.

(Results)

While the hypophysectomized mice in the control group all died by 8weeks after the sham operation, about 85% of the animals in the EScell-derived ACTH-producing cells transplantation group was alive atthat time point (FIG. 5k ).

In addition, at the stage of 8 weeks when all died in the control group,60% of mice in the transplantation group gained weight than at the timeof transplantation.

In addition, the mice in the transplantation group showed a higher levelof spontaneous movement than the control (FIGS. 5i, j ).

Example 8: Differentiation Induction of Human ES Cell into PituitaryProgenitor Cell (Method)

Human ES cells (12000 cells) dispersed into single-cells with trypsinwere subjected to floating aggregate culture in the presence of a 10 MROCK inhibitor Y-27632 (Watanabe et al, Nature Neuroscience, 2007) inthe same manner as in Example 1. The culture medium used was gfCDM addedwith 5% KSR. From day 3 of culture, 0.5 nM, 1.5 nM or 5.0 nM BMP4 wasadded to the culture medium, 1000 nM SAG was added from day 6 ofculture, and the floating-culture was continued.

(Results)

On day 17 of culture, all aggregates comprised many Rx-positive neuralprecursor cells in the aggregates, and E-cad and cytokeratin-positivenon-neural ectoderm cells formed a sheet-like epithelial structurecomposed of the monolayer cells on the surface thereof, in the samemanner as in the culture of mouse ES cells (FIG. 7). By qPCR analysis,the expression of Pitx1 was induced about 10-fold in the group treatedwith 5 nM BMP as compared to the group without the treatment (FIG. 8).The group treated with BMP comprised E-cad positive non-neural ectodermon the surface of a Rx-positive neuroepithelial structure on day 25 ofculture and, in the same manner as in the pituitary placode formation inthe mouse culture, a part thereof was thickened to show a placode-likestructure (FIG. 7).

Even when started from human ES cells (3000 cells and 6000 cells)dispersed into single-cells with trypsin, equivalent results wereobtained. Therefore, the possibility of induction of simultaneousdifferentiation into both a rostral hypothalamus tissue and a rostralnon-neural head ectodermal tissue which is a sheet-like continuousepithelium was shown even when aggregates composed of a comparativelysmall number of cells are used, by adding BMP4 to the medium.

While the present invention has been described with emphasis onpreferred embodiments, it is obvious to those skilled in the art thatthe preferred embodiments can be modified. The present invention intendsthat the present invention can be embodied by methods other than thosedescribed in detail in the present specification. Accordingly, thepresent invention encompasses all modifications encompassed in the gistand scope of the appended “CLAIMS.”

The contents disclosed in any publication cited herein, includingpatents and patent applications, are hereby incorporated in theirentireties by reference, to the extent that they have been disclosedherein.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

According to the method of the present invention, differentiation ofpluripotent stem cells such as ES cells and the like into aggregatescomprising a central nervous tissue and a non-neural head ectodermaltissue, particularly aggregates comprising a rostral hypothalamus tissueand a rostral head ectodermal tissue and pituitary precursor tissue canbe induced in vitro, and differentiation into various pituitaryhormone-producing cells can be induced. Pituitary gland is a centralendocrine organ that produces and secretes many hormones, and abnormalhormone secretion exerts a grave influence on the live body. Therefore,the aggregate, pituitary precursor tissue and pituitary hormoneproducing cells obtained by the method of the present invention can beparticularly utilized for the treatment and the like of the diseasescaused by the deficiency of secretion of pituitary hormones and thediseases causing deficiency of a pituitary hormone secretion.

Not only pituitary but also sensory placodes such as olfactoryepithelium, crystalline lens, inner ear and the like can be formed fromthe aggregates comprising a central nervous tissue and a non-neural headectodermal tissue.

This application is based on a patent application No. 2011-239803 filedin Japan (filing date: Oct. 31, 2011), the contents of which areincorporated in full herein.

1. An aggregate comprising both a hypothalamus tissue and a non-neuralhead ectoderm and having been induced in vitro to differentiate from apluripotent stem cell, wherein the non-neural head ectoderm is presenton a surface layer of the aggregate and the hypothalamus tissue ispresent inside thereof.
 2. The aggregate according to claim 1, whereinthe non-neural head ectoderm forms a sheeted continuous epithelium andthe hypothalamus tissue is encapsulated by the sheeted continuousepithelium.
 3. The aggregate according to claim 2, wherein the sheetedcontinuous epithelium is monolayer.
 4. The aggregate according to claim1, wherein the non-neural head ectoderm is a non-neural ectoderm capableof forming a placode epithelium.
 5. The aggregate according to claim 1,wherein the hypothalamus tissue is a rostral hypothalamus tissue and thenon-neural head ectoderm is a rostral non-neural head ectoderm, andwherein the rostral non-neural head ectoderm is Pitx1 positive.
 6. Theaggregate according to claim 5, wherein the Pitx1-positive rostralnon-neural head ectoderm is present on the surface of not less than 90%.7. The aggregate according to claim 5, wherein the rostral hypothalamustissue is Rx positive.
 8. The aggregate according to claim 1, theaggregate further comprises Lim3-positive cells.
 9. The aggregateaccording to claim 8, wherein the aggregate comprises a thickenedplacode epithelium and the placode epithelium comprises theLim3-positive cells.
 10. The aggregate according to claim 8, wherein theLim3-positive cells form an epithelial pouch in the aggregate.
 11. Acell culture product which comprises the aggregate according to claim 1.12. The aggregate according to claim 1 for use in the treatment of adisease caused by the deficiency of secretion of pituitary hormone or adisease causing deficiency of a pituitary hormone secretion.
 13. Amethod for producing a pharmaceutical comprising a pituitary precursortissue or a pituitary-hormone-producing cell, comprising: (1) culturingthe aggregate according to claim 1, or cells prepared bydispersion-treating the aggregate, and/or (2) isolating or purifying apituitary precursor tissue or a pituitary-hormone-producing cell to anextent that allows the tissue or cell to be administered to a subject,from the aggregate according to claim 1 or cells prepared bydispersion-treating the aggregate.